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Developmental psychology
Study of growth, change, and consistency over time.
Longitudinal study
Observing the same group over extended time periods.
Cross-sectional study
Comparing different age groups at one time.
Sexual orientation
Enduring attraction toward same, opposite, or both sexes.
Cognition (Piaget)
Mental processes like thinking, learning, and memory.
Schema
Framework for organizing and interpreting information.
Assimilation
Fitting new information into existing schemas.
Accommodation
Modifying schemas to incorporate new information.
Sensorimotor stage
Infants understand the world through senses, actions.
Object permanence
Knowing objects exist even when unseen.
Preoperational stage
Use of symbols, language, and pretend play develops.
Egocentrism
Difficulty understanding perspectives of others.
Pretend play
Imaginary roles and scenarios during play.
Parallel play
Playing alongside others without direct interaction.
Concrete operational stage
Logical thinking about tangible objects and events.
Conservation
Understanding quantity remains constant despite shape changes.
Formal operational stage
Ability to think abstractly and hypothetically.
Scaffolding (Vygotsky)
Support given to help learning, gradually removed.
Zone of Proximal Development
Skills achievable with guidance but not alone
Theory of Mind
Understanding others' thoughts, feelings, and perspectives.
Phoneme
Smallest sound unit in language.
Morpheme
Smallest unit carrying meaning in language.
Grammar
Rules governing language structure and use.
