Untitled Flashcards Set

Parole

The early release of an offender from a secure facility upon completion of a certain portion of their sentence.

Alexander Maconochie

Considered the father of parole.

Morrissey v. Brewer (1972)

Supreme Court ruling that offenders have basic rights at a parole revocation hearing.

Parolee Convictions

The largest percentage of parolees were convicted of drug offenses.

Indeterminate Sentencing

Sentencing that includes a range of years to potentially be served by the offender.

Determinate Sentencing

Sentencing that consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no flexibility in the term served.

Reintegration Era

Correctional philosophy advocating for limited incarceration and preferring probation for nonviolent offenders.

Reentry Programming

Typically begins six months prior to an offender's release.

State Parole Board Appointments

The majority of state parole board members are appointed by the governor.

Discretionary Parole Decisions

Parole decisions are discretionary, with recidivism probability being a key concern.

Parole Revocation Officer

Primarily responsible for holding preliminary revocation hearings and reviewing allegations against parolees.

Offender Return to Society

Most offenders in prison are eventually released, but discretionary parole releases have decreased in recent years.

Universal Design

Prison construction design that complies with ADA requirements and accommodates all inmate needs universally.

Screening Goal

Quickly identifies emergency situations and inmates requiring more extensive intervention prior to placement.

Malingering

The act of inmates falsely claiming and consciously faking symptoms of illness.

Major Depressive Disorder

The most common mood disorder associated with offender populations.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Offender type of greatest concern to the criminal justice system and the public.

Sex Offender Victimization

Most sex offenders are housed with the general population and are most likely to be sexually and physically victimized by other offenders.

Special Needs Offenders

The key question is whether these offenders should be kept in contact with the mainstream inmate population or segregated.

Female Incarceration Rate

The incarceration rate for women is nearly twice that for men, with most being incarcerated for nonviolent offenses.

Historical Female Prisons

Until the 1800s, women were imprisoned in the same facilities as men.

First Female Prison

Opened in Indiana in 1874.

Chivalry Hypothesis

Theory that there is a bias in the criminal justice system against giving women harsh punishments.

Women's Convictions Post-Civil War

Reasons include the absence of men in society, industrialization making women more visible, and an overall increase in crime.

Women's Reformatories

Developed alongside female custodial prisons.

Collateral Damage from Incarceration

Effects include children displaying PTSD symptoms, school difficulties, and mothers having an increased likelihood of recidivism.

Glover v. Johnson (1988)

Supreme Court ruling requiring equal programming for female inmates as provided to male inmates.

Women in Community Supervision

The majority are Caucasian American, while those incarcerated tend to be African American.

Parens Patriae

Latin for 'parent of the country.'

Juvenile Courts

Their primary premise is to act in the best interests of the child.

Kent v. United States (1966)

Supreme Court ruling that juveniles waived to adult court without due process receive less legal protection and rehabilitation.

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)

Supreme Court ruling that jury trials are not required in juvenile court under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Juvenile Justice Purpose

Treat and reform youth.

Screening for Youth in Custody

Most commonly done through staff-administered questions and interviews.

Abused/Neglected Youth

Research shows they are nearly five times more likely to be arrested as juveniles than non-abused youth.

Life-Course-Persistent Offenders

Adolescents whose delinquent behavior continues into adulthood.

Child Neglect

Occurs when a caretaker fails to provide necessary support, education, or medical care required by law.

Child Sexual Abuse Indicators

May include jealousy and overprotectiveness by a parent.

Female Juvenile Offenders

More commonly placed in residential treatment programs than other types of programs.

Program Evaluation Types

Implementation, process, and outcome evaluations.

Stakeholders in Corrections

Include agency personnel, community members, and the offender population.

Hybrid Prisons

Facilities partially funded by both state and private funds.

Legal Challenges in State Corrections

State systems have faced more constitutional legal problems than private systems.

Correctional Agency Goals

Must be translated into measurable outcomes when evaluating agencies.