Untitled Flashcards Set

Parole: The early release of an offender from a secure facility upon completion of a certain portion of their sentence.

Alexander Maconochie: Considered the father of parole.

Morrissey v. Brewer (1972): Supreme Court ruling that offenders have basic rights at a parole revocation hearing.

Parolee Convictions: The largest percentage of parolees were convicted of drug offenses.

Indeterminate Sentencing: Sentencing that includes a range of years to potentially be served by the offender.

Determinate Sentencing: Sentencing that consists of fixed periods of incarceration with no flexibility in the term served.

Reintegration Era: Correctional philosophy advocating for limited incarceration and preferring probation for nonviolent offenders.

Reentry Programming: Typically begins six months prior to an offender's release.

State Parole Board Appointments: The majority of state parole board members are appointed by the governor.

Discretionary Parole Decisions: Parole decisions are discretionary, with recidivism probability being a key concern.

Parole Revocation Officer: Primarily responsible for holding preliminary revocation hearings and reviewing allegations against parolees.

Offender Return to Society: Most offenders in prison are eventually released, but discretionary parole releases have decreased in recent years.

Universal Design: Prison construction design that complies with ADA requirements and accommodates all inmate needs universally.

Screening Goal: Quickly identifies emergency situations and inmates requiring more extensive intervention prior to placement.

Malingering: The act of inmates falsely claiming and consciously faking symptoms of illness.

Major Depressive Disorder: The most common mood disorder associated with offender populations.

Antisocial Personality Disorder: Offender type of greatest concern to the criminal justice system and the public.

Sex Offender Victimization: Most sex offenders are housed with the general population and are most likely to be sexually and physically victimized by other offenders.

Special Needs Offenders: The key question is whether these offenders should be kept in contact with the mainstream inmate population or segregated.

Female Incarceration Rate: The incarceration rate for women is nearly twice that for men, with most being incarcerated for nonviolent offenses.

Historical Female Prisons: Until the 1800s, women were imprisoned in the same facilities as men.

First Female Prison: Opened in Indiana in 1874.

Chivalry Hypothesis: Theory that there is a bias in the criminal justice system against giving women harsh punishments.

Women's Convictions Post-Civil War: Reasons include the absence of men in society, industrialization making women more visible, and an overall increase in crime.

Women's Reformatories: Developed alongside female custodial prisons.

Collateral Damage from Incarceration: Effects include children displaying PTSD symptoms, school difficulties, and mothers having an increased likelihood of recidivism.

Glover v. Johnson (1988): Supreme Court ruling requiring equal programming for female inmates as provided to male inmates.

Women in Community Supervision: The majority are Caucasian American, while those incarcerated tend to be African American.

Parens Patriae: Latin for "parent of the country."

Juvenile Courts: Their primary premise is to act in the best interests of the child.

Kent v. United States (1966): Supreme Court ruling that juveniles waived to adult court without due process receive less legal protection and rehabilitation.

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971): Supreme Court ruling that jury trials are not required in juvenile court under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Juvenile Justice Purpose: Treat and reform youth.

Screening for Youth in Custody: Most commonly done through staff-administered questions and interviews.

Abused/Neglected Youth: Research shows they are nearly five times more likely to be arrested as juveniles than non-abused youth.

Life-Course-Persistent Offenders: Adolescents whose delinquent behavior continues into adulthood.

Child Neglect: Occurs when a caretaker fails to provide necessary support, education, or medical care required by law.

Child Sexual Abuse Indicators: May include jealousy and overprotectiveness by a parent.

Female Juvenile Offenders: More commonly placed in residential treatment programs than other types of programs.

Program Evaluation Types: Implementation, process, and outcome evaluations.

Stakeholders in Corrections: Include agency personnel, community members, and the offender population.

Hybrid Prisons: Facilities partially funded by both state and private funds.

Legal Challenges in State Corrections: State systems have faced more constitutional legal problems than private systems.

Correctional Agency Goals: Must be translated into measurable outcomes when evaluating agencies.