Bio SMC Exam 1 - Flashcards

8 Characteristics of Life

Order, response to stimuli, reproduction, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, evolutionary adaptation, made of cells

Prokaryote example

Bacteria or archaea

Eukaryote example

Plants, animals, fungi, protists

Hypothesis

a statement that can be tested by scientific research

Theory

Broad explanation supported by strong evidence

Proton

Positive charge; defines element (atomic number)

Neutron

Neutral charge; changes isotope

Electron

Negative charge; determines reactivity & bonding

Ionic bond

Transfer of electrons; attraction between ions

Covalent bond

Sharing of electrons between atoms

Polar covalent example

Water (H₂O)

Nonpolar covalent example

O₂, CH₄

Hydrogen bond

important bond in water and DNA structure

Carbohydrates

Energy & structure molecules (glucose, starch, cellulose)

Lipids

Long-term energy, membranes (fats, phospholipids)

Protein

A highly complex substance that is present in all living organisms, they make chemical processes that are crucial for survival.

Nucleic acids

Naturally occurring chemical compound that serves as the main information-carrying molecule of the cell

Buffer example

Bicarbonate buffer in blood; resists pH changes

Mitochondria

Produces ATP (energy)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

a network of membranes within a cell that has ribosomes attached to its surface, giving it a "harsh" appearance

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

a network of interconnected tubules and sacs within a cell's cytoplasm

Lysosome

Digests and recycles cell waste

Cell membrane

a thin, selectively permeable barrier that surrounds all living cells

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high → low concentration

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a membrane

Hypotonic solution

Water enters cell → swells

Hypertonic solution

It has a lower solute concentration than body fluids, causing water to move into cells and make them swell

Isotonic solution

Has the same solute concentration as body fluids, causing no net movement of water in or out of cells.

Active transport

the biological process where cells use cellular energy to move substances across a cell membrane

Endocytosis

An active cellular process in which the cell membrane engulfs and internalizes extracellular material

Phagocytosis

immune system response where special cells eliminate bacteria and cellular debris

Pinocytosis

the ingestion of liquid into a cell by small vesicles from the cell membrane.

Exocytosis

Process where a cell releases molecules to the outside by fusing vesicles with the cell membrane.

Independent variable axis

X-axis

Dependent variable axis

Y-axis

Specific heat

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a given mass of a substance by a certain degree

Heat of vaporization

Energy needed to turn liquid → gas

Capillary action

Water moves up small tubes; important in plant roots

Microscope use

Enables us to view cell structures and organelles from up close

Lactose tolerance evidence

Genetics + cultural/archaeological evidence (dairy farming)

Lactose tolerance advantage

Provided nutrition and survival benefit in certain populations

Chromosomes

A structure within the nucleus that carries the genetic information of organisms

Nucleus

A membrane bound organelle that houses the genetic material of cells

Micro Filaments

Small Fibers that control cell division within the Cytoskeletal System.

Cytoskeletal System

A dynamic network of protein filaments within a Cell

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like substance that fills a cell by surrounding its organelles & internal structures.

Centrosome

A region near the nucleus of animal cells that contains centrioles

Centrioles

Small organelles that live inside the Centrosome. They Divide Cells.

Flagella

Long, hair like structures on the surface of Cells that helps them move through liquid

Cilia

Short, hair like structures on the surface of Cells, that filters out bad, harmful liquids like Mucus for ex.

Keratin

A cellular compound that strengthens hair & nail tissue within eukaryotic cells.

Epithelial Cells

skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs

Plasma Membrane

A core component of Prokaryotic Cells that acts as a protective layer

Ribosomes

The cell's protein-building factory that links amino acids together to form proteins