Studied by 3 people
The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
industrial dominance of Britain
The greatest change workers faced with the shift from cottage industry work to factory work was
new tempo and discipline
James Watt solved the ineffeciency problems of early steam engines by
adding a separate condenser
David Ricardo formulated the
iron law of wages
British economist Thomas Malthus argued that
population always grew faster than the food supply
The key demand of the Chartist movement was
that all men have the right to vote
In the 18th century, a shortage of _____ held British industry back
wood
The Factory Act of 1833...
limited the workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day
Which of the following best explains how increases in agricultural productivity in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries created the conditions for industrialization in western Europe?
The increases freed up labor that was no longer needed to produce food.
The decision of many Continental European governments to sponsor and subsidize industrial development in the nineteenth century is best explained by which of the following contexts?
Ongoing competition between nation-states for prestige and territory
The earliest steam engines were
used to pump water out of coal mines
spinning jenny
James Hargreaves
steam engine inventor
James Watt
seed drill
Jethro Thull
carding machines
Ellen and John Hacking
water frame
Richard Arkwright
the invisible hand
Adam Smith
locomotive (rocket)
George Stevenson
studied population growth
Thomas Malthus
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established
by violent revolution
How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830?
He invaded Algeria and established it as French territory.
The demands of liberalism included all of the following EXCEPT
Social Welfare Reform
In 1830, an unsuccessful revolution failed to re-create this country.
Poland
Why did Metternich oppose the spread of nationalism throughout Europe?
Austria was a multi-ethnic empire and nationalism could cause it's dissolution
The romantic movement was characterized by
a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination
In 1849, the revolution in Hungary was brought under control with the help of 130,000 troops sent by
Russia
Issued in 1819, these decrees were designed to uphold Metternich's conservatism, requiring the German states to root out subversive ideas and squelch any liberal organizations.
Karlsbad Decrees
a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole
socialism
Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle.
Marxism
group in a society that carries on commerce and industry ( the middle class; distinct from landowners, wage earners, farmers)
bourgeoisie
Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
proletariat
These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially
Corn Laws
The army's violent suppression of a protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields in Manchester in reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws.
Battle of Peterloo
Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.
Reform Bill of 1832
Great Famine
The result of four years of potato crop failure in the late 1840s in Ireland, a country that had grown dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple.
19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason
romanticism
The women's movement in the nineteenth century focused mostly on obtaining for women:
Legal rights such as the right to own property
Which of the following best explains the social dislocations experienced by much of Europe in the nineteenth century?
The rapid urbanization that accompanied industrialization
Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
evolution
The idea that disease was caused by the spread of living organisms that could be controlled.
Germ Theory
The highly skilled workers, such as factory foremen and construction bosses, who made up about 15 percent of the working classes from about 1850 to 1914.
labor aristocracy
A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be
Realism
steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.
Second Industrial Revolution
Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics
Separate Spheres
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
Social Darwinism
piece work typically done by women at home for a low wage
sweated industries
study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe
Thermodynamics
The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Utilitarianism
Which was NOT a reason for Baron Haussmann's building of broad and straight boulevards in the city of Paris?
To allow for the building of the subway
What was Edwin Chadwick's "sanitary idea"?
Disease as a cause of poverty could be prevented by cleaning up urban environments.
Revolutionary policies regarding what organization garnered the most domestic opposition?
French Catholic Church
François-Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture led an uprising in _______.
Haiti
By the end of 1810, what country had withdrawn from the Continental System?
Russia
One of the central features of the Romantic movement in Germany was the emergence of ______.
Nationalism
The Treaty of Chaumont restored this group to the French throne: the ______.
Bourbons
Following the Congress of Vienna, which country gained control of northern Italy?
Austria
Romantics were drawn to the art, literature and architecture of _____.
Medieval Europe
The English Romantics generally reacted to the ideas of _____.
The Enlightenment
The Quadruple Alliance was an agreement between _____.
Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia
The Hundred Days refers to the _____.
period of Napoleon's return from Elba before his exile to Saint Helena
What was Napoleon's objective in capturing Egypt form the Ottoman Empire?
He hoped to drive the British fleet from the Mediterranean.
What had Pope Pius VII hoped see in the Concordat issued by Napoleon?
Religious dominance for the Roman Catholic Church in France
The Battle of Trafalgar _____.
ended any possibility of France invading England
In Spain, Napoleon faced _____.
Guerrilla Warfare
When Napoleon invaded Russia, _____.
The Russian forces retreated, destroying food and supplies as they went
Which of the following statements best articulates the success of the Congress of Vienna?
The congress can be credited with preventing general war for a hundred years.
The single most powerful European political ideology proved to be _____.
Nationalism
Nineteenth-century liberals derived their political ideas form the _____.
writers of the Enlightenment
Louis XVIII agreed to become a(n) _____ monarch.
constitutional
The major powers of the congress of Vienna included _____.
Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain
In 1804, the French colony of _____ achieved independence.
Haiti
By 1830, _____ had achieved independence.
Most of Latin America
In 1821, the Ottoman's faced a revolt of the _____.
Greeks
Most of the revolutionary movements were led by ____.
Creole elites
The Corn Law maintained high prices on grain by levying important duties on foreign grain in _____.
Britain
What type of person joined the Burschenschaften?
Students
As a political outlook, nationalism was and is based on the relatively modern concept that a nation is composed of people who are joined together by _____.
common language, culture, and history
Early nineteenth-century nationalism directly opposed the principle upheld at the Congress of Vienna that _____.
legitimate monarchies or dynasties, rather than ethnicity, provide the basis for political unity
A significant difficulty for nationalism was, and is _____.
determining which ethnic groups could be considered nations
Which of the following correctly identifies the major pillars of nineteenth-century conservatism?
Legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches
The Concert of Europe refers to the _____.
new informal arrangement for resolving mutual foreign policy issues
Tsar Alexander I turned away from reform and at home and abroad took the lead in suppressing _____.
liberalism and nationalism
The faith in free and unregulated trade between European nations was most closely aligned with ____.
nineteenth-century liberals
The first call for rebellion in New Spain came from a(n) _____.
preist and his Indian followers
What event led to the exile of Charles X in France?
the July Revolution
The Industrial Revolution fueled British investments all over the world, but especially in _____.
the Americas
In most Western European nations, other than Britain, manufacturing in the 1830s took place in ____.
the countryside
The process by which workers became a commodity in the labor marketplace is called _____.
proletarianization
Early factory owners permitted a man to employ his _____ as assistants.
wife and children
In the domestic system of textile production, hand spinning was performed almost exclusively by _____.
women
Who was most concerned about crime and criminals during the nineteenth-century?
The elite
Who was Karl Marx's collaborator in the writing of The Communist Manifesto?
Friedrich Engels
The revolutions of 1848 began in _____.
France
During the Magyar revolt in Hungary, the Hungarians tried to annex _____.
Transylvania
The migration from the countryside during the nineteenth century produced a situation in which _____.
the physical resources of cities were stretched beyond capacity
Proletarinaization was closely linked to ____ and _____.
industrialization; urbanization
The shift from the family working together as a unit of production to family members working separately or individually _____.
began the shift to the family as a unit of consumption
During the early years of the Industrial Revolution, the wages of most British women who worked in factories were _____.
lower than male workers
Classical economists advocated growth through _____.
free enterprise
The revolutions of 1848 and 1849 _____.
failed to establish liberal or national states
