Chapter 3 (The chemical basis of life)

macromolecules

macromolecules

enormous molecules are always synthesized by living things called _

inorganic molecules

substances that do not contain carbon; found in the physical environment

55 to 90

water constitutes _ to _% of the cell

polar molecule

water is a _, meaning it has charges on opposite side

hydrophilic

substances that readily dissolve in water are called _

cohesion

tendency of water molecules to stick together

surface tension

measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

organic molecules

chemical compounds that contain carbon

carbon chains

In which carbon atoms are linked together, form the framework of biological molecules

carbohydrates

_ are organic molecules, which are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with the ratio 1:2:1; Include sugars and starches.

include simple sugars and sugar polymers. – They serve as energy storage molecules, structural components, and also function as membrane receptors

disaccharides

two monosaccharides joined by condensation (dehydration) reaction

polysaccharides

_ are carbohydrates consisting of hundreds to few thousands of monosaccharide units linked together by dehydration synthesis.

starch

polysaccharide stored in the roots, tissues, and other parts of the plant body. It is composed purely of glucose units.

glycogen

referred to as “animal starch,” is stored in the liver and muscles of animals.

cellulose

_ is the tough, rigid material that encloses plant cell and the major component of the woody parts of plants; serves as the bundles of “fibers” that cleans our digestive tract.

chitin

polysaccharide that forms outer covering of arthropods

lipids

non-polar, organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen with some forms containing small amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus

complex lipids

type of lipids: contain fatty acids such as triglycerides and phospholipids

simple lipids

type of lipids: do not contain fatty acids such as cholesterol, plant pigments, some vitamins, and hormones.

fatty acid

the basic building block of fats; non-polar molecules which is not soluble in water (hydrophobic, water-fearing)

triglyceride

glyceride occurring naturally in animal and vegetable tissues; it consists of three individual fatty acids bound together in a single large molecule; are a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood

phospolipid

_ composes the plasma membrane of the cell.

insoluble

Characteristics of Fats: Fats are _ in water

vary

Characteristics of Fats: Fat molecules _

length

Characteristics of Fats: The fatty acid bonded to a glycerol molecule varies in _.

saturated or unsaturated

Characteristics of Fats: ii may be _ or _

saturated

Determine if saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: No double bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain

saturated

Determine if saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: Contain more hydrogen atoms

saturated

Determine if saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: Usually solid at room temperature since the carbon atoms pack closely

unsaturated

Determine if saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: With one or more double bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain

unsaturated

Determine if saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: With less Hydrogen atoms

unsaturated

Determine if saturated or unsaturated fatty acid: Liquid at room temperature. The presence of double bonds in the carbon atoms causes the formation of kinks that prevent the carbon atoms from packing together

Structural protein

Types of Proteins: Support; ex. Collagen, elastin, and keratin

Enzymatic protein

Types of Proteins: Catalyze metabolic reactions; ex. Digestive enzymes

Storage protein

Types of Proteins: Stores amino acids; ex. Albumin in egg white, casein in milk

Transport protein

Types of Proteins: Transport of substance; ex. Hemoglobin, membrane transport proteins

Contractile protein

Types of Proteins: Movement; ex. Actin and myosin in muscles

Defensive protein

Types of Proteins: Protective/Immunity; ex, Antibodies of the immune system

Hormonal protein

Types of Proteins: Coordination of activities; ex, Glucagon, adrenalin, testosterone, estrogen

amino acids

building block in the synthesis of protein

nucleic acids

_ are important in the synthesis of protein and play as the "Information" molecules of living organisms.

nucleotides

nucleic acids are composed of a long chain of similar but not identical building blocks called _

pentose, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing base

A nucleotide molecule is composed of three parts: _ or a five-carbon sugar which maybe ribose or deoxyribose, a _, and a _.

deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid

two types of nucleic acids

ribonucleic acid

key material in the synthesis of protein; manufactured in the nucleolus of the cell as directed and coded by the DNA molecule

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

nucleotide (called ribonucleotide) is composed of the sugar ribose that chemically bonds with phosphate on one side and to any one of the following bases: _, _, _, and _

deoxyribose nucleic acid

material that composes the genes that are passed on from one generation of cells to the next.

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

deoxyribose nucleotide is composed of the sugar deoxyribose that can bond to a phosphate on one side and to any one of the following bases: _, _, _, and _.

thymine

Pairing rule: Adenine always pair with _

guanine

Pairing rule: _ always pair with cytosine

hydrolysis reactions

involve the usage of water in order to split a particular material. By doing so, two portions of the water molecule will be combined with the material

Hydrocarbons

contain only carbon and hydrogen

Biochemicals

carbon-containing molecules produced by living organisms

Functional groups

groups of atoms giving organic molecules different characteristics and properties

polymerization

any process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer.

Sucrose

(table sugar), major component of plant sap; carries chemical energy from one part of t

Lactose

(milk sugar) fuel for early growth and development of newborns.

a. lactase that hydrolyzes it is found in membranes of cells lining intestines

b. if lose this enzyme after childhood, eating dairy products cause digestive discomfort

Non-covalent bonds

attractive forces that are weaker than covalent bonds.

Ionic bonds

attractions between charged atoms.

Hydrogen bonds

enhance solubility in and interactions with water

occurs when covalently bound hydrogen has a partial positive charge and attracts electrons of a second atom

determine the structure and properties of water

occur between polar groups in biological molecules, such as between the strands of DNA.

Glycosaminoglycans

composed of two different sugars repeating disaccharides (2 different sugars; —A—B—A—B—); found in extracellular space and in connective tissues

Peptidoglycans

polymer of NAG-NAM (N-acetyl glucosamine & N acetyl-muramic acid); structural component of bacterial cell wall

Steroids

four C fused rings animal lipids that have been implicated in atherosclerosis; component of cholesterol, steroid hormones, vit D and bile acids