GAVS Psych Vocab (copy)

Medical Model

Medical Model

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured. When applied to psychological disorders, the medical model assumes that these mental illnesses can be diagnosed based on their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital.

DSM‐5

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition), a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders in the United States. The DSM-V was released in 2013. The DSM-5 does not use the Axis I-V system. It moved to the International Classification of Diseases guidelines consistent with the World Health Organization.

Anxiety Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety. (In the DSM-5 obsessivecompulsive disorders and posttraumatic stress are in separate classifications). Anxiety Disorders include agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia, panic attack, separation anxiety disorder, and selective mutism.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Panic Disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by unpredictable minute-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of specific objects or situations.

Obsessive‐compulsive disorder and related Disorders (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/or actions (compulsions). Related disorders include body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, and others such as hair pulling disorder and skin picking disorder.

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

is an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. It may include irritable or aggressive behavior, self-destructive behavior, re‐experiencing, avoidance/numbing, and arousal. Children who experience trauma may be impacted. The category in the DSM-5 is Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders. This category includes acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and reactive attachment disorder.

Dissociative Disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

Dissociation identity disorder (DID)

is a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

Mood Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. (Depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, hypomania.)

Depressive disorders

Major depressive disorder is characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes, which are marked by a persistent depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in activities, along with other symptoms such a changes in appetite or sleep patterns, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and thoughts of suicide. Persistent depressive disorder involves chronic depressive symptoms that are less severe than those of major depressive disorder but last for at least two years.

Major depressive disorder

severe symptoms that interfere with the ability to work, sleep, study, eat, experience pleasure, and last two or more weeks. It occurs in the absence of drugs or a medical condition.

Bereavement Exclusion

most people experience sadness following the loss of a loved one, which is different from depression. In normal bereavement, emotional connection with family and friends is maintained, self-esteem is preserved, and grief is mixed with positive feelings. In the DSM-V bereavement is recognized as a stressor that can precipitate a major incident following the loss of a loved one in individuals with past personal and family histories of major depressive disorder. Bereavement-related depression responds to the same psychosocial and medication treatments as nonbereavement depression.

Bipolar disorder

a mood disorder in which the person exhibits mixed features and episodes of mania/hypomania and major depressive disorder occur. Bipolar disorder may be related to substances, medication use, or medical conditions.

Hypomania/Manic Episode

marked by increased energy, activity, and optimistic mood.

Schizophrenia Spectrum

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and inappropriate emotions and actions. The DSM-IV subtypes of schizophrenia (i.e., paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual types) are eliminated due to their low reliability and poor validity for diagnosis. Instead, the new categories are Schizotypal (Personality) Disorder, Delusional Disorder, Brief Psychotic Disorder, Schizophreniform Disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder, Psychotic Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition

Psychosis

the condition or disorder when a person experiences irrational and distorted perceptions and has lost touch with reality.

Delusional Disorder

characterized by false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, which are persistent, last a month or longer, lifelong.

Personality Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by disruptive, inflexible, and enduring behavior patterns of impaired psychosocial functioning, in the DSM-V, classified under Neurocognitive Disorders.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

a personality disorder in which the person (more typically a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members, may be impulsive, uninhibited, aggressive, ruthless or a clever con artist.

Feeding and eating disorders

illnesses that disrupt a person's everyday diet, eating too little food or too much food, frequently accompanied by severe distress about weight or body shape.

Anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder, in a person, usually already at least 15% underweight who maintains a starvation diet, usually a teenage girl, but more frequently affecting both genders and all ages.

Bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder, the individual alternates between binge eating and vomiting or using laxatives.

Binge eating disorder

massive overeating followed by disgust, guilt, and distress, but without vomiting episodes.

Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

(formerly called somatoform disorders) are characterized by complaints of physical symptoms that have no physiological explanation; symptoms are not under the person's conscious control; maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behavior are present. Pain disorder involves chronic pain. Hypochondriasis has been eliminated from the DSM-V.

Conversion disorder

characterized by a specific physical complaint such as blindness or paralysis when no physiological cause exists.

Rosenhan Study

classic study completed in 1973 by Stanford Psychologist, David Rosenhan; eight pseudo patients presented themselves at hospitals and were admitted even though the symptoms they described were not related to an actual disorder.

Psychotherapy

interactions between a trained therapist and clients who want to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

Confidentiality

a patient or client's legal right to privacy in a therapeutic setting.

Insanity defense

the claim that the defendant in a criminal trial is not responsible for actions due to mental illness.

Group Therapy

psychotherapy treatment in a format where there is one therapist and six to twelve participants with related problems.

Biomedical Therapy

prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system.

Eclectic Approach

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problem, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic techniques. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

Interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events to promote insight.

Transference

in psychoanalysis, the unintended patient's transfer to psychoanalyst emotions is linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for the parent).

Client-centered Therapy

is a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate the client's growth.

Active Listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Behavior Therapy

therapy that applies to learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors; based on B.F. Skinner's behaviorist approach.

Counter conditioning

is a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includesexposure therapy and aversive therapy.

Exposure Therapies

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, which treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid; developed by Mary Cover Jones.

Systematic Desensitization

a type of counter conditioning that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias; developed by Joseph Wolpe based on Mary Cover Jones' work.

Virtual Reality Exposure Theory

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

Aversive Conditioning

a type of counter conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

Token Economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting the desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

Cognitive Therapy

therapy that instructs people on new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions; promoted by Aaron Beck

Rational Emotive Therapy

confrontational cognitive therapy to challenge people's self-defeating and irrational thinking; developed by Albert Ellis.

Cognitive-behavior Theory

is a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking), with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

Family Therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships to improve communication.

Psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior.

Tardive Dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a neurotoxin side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target dopamine receptors.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

is a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

Psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue to change behavior.