Biopsychology Ch 15 & 17

psychoactive drugs

drugs that have psychological effects such as anxiety relief or hallucinations

oral ingestion

intake of drugs through the mouth

preferred route and safest

unpredictable; difficult to gauge factors

Injection

a shot; the "throwing" of medicine into the body by a needle

bloodstream delievers drug directly to the brain

Minimal opportunity to counteract effects and users can develop scar tissues, infections, and collapsed veins

subcutaneously (SC)

into the fatty tissue just beneath the skin

Intramusclar (IM)

injection into a muscle

Intravenous (IV)

into a vein

intraperitoneally (IP)

drugs injected hypodermically into the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen

inhalation drug administration

breathing in the drug through your nostrils (insufflation)

highly addictive (but injection is still more addictive)

difficult to regulate dose

absorption drug

administered through the mucous membrane of nose, mouth, and rectum

drug tolerance

a state of decreased sensitivity to a drug that develops as a result of exposure to it

measurement of drug tolerance

the decrease in the response elicited by the same dose of the drug OR

measuring the increase in the amount of drug required to produce same effect

cross tolerance

one drug can produce tolerance to other drugs that act by the same mechanism

drug sensitization

drug tolerance often develops to some effects of a drug but not others

tolerance

not a unitary phenomenon; no single mechanism to explain it

metabolic "amount"

tolerance effect that results from a decrease in the amount of drug reaching the target cell

Functional "ability"

tolerance effect that results from a decrease in teh ability of the drug to influence the target cell

contingent drug tolerance

Tolerance only develops to drug effects that are experienced

conditioned drug tolerance

Tolerance effects that are maximally expressed only when a drug is administered in the situation in which it has previously been administered

withdrawal syndrome

significant amounts of a drug settled in the body for a set amount of time; abrupt elimination can trigger an extreme reaction

Effects are always opposite to the initial effects of the drug

physically dependent

someone suffering from withdrawal symptoms

tolerance and withdrawal

tolerance and withdrawal are different reactions to the same change

drug addiction

usage of a drug despite its adverse effects; inability to control oneself

Nicotine

taken by inhalation

addictive and leading cause of death

causes birth defects and can affect non smokers in proximity

Buerger's disease

A condition in which the blood vessels, especially those supplying the legs, are constricted whenever nicotine enters the bloodstream, the ultimate result being gangrene and amputation.

smoker's syndrome

chest pain, labored breathing, wheezing, coughing, increased susceptibility to respiratory infections

Alcohol

goes straight to the brain

depressant effects; affects neural firing

hangovers

fetal alcohol syndrome

Cirrhosis

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

Korsakoff's syndrome

Nutritional deficiency of vitamin B1, which results in a deficit in the ability to recall recent events. Often due to severe alcoholism.

marijuana

cannabis

THC and other psychoactive compounds

Has clinical benefits like pain reduction and lower blood pressure

Cocaine

Extracted from coca plant

Produces euphoria, decreases appetite, increase alertness, and relive stress

Blocks reuptake of DA and 5-HT at synapse

Users likely to have impairment in memory and in executive functions

Amphetamines

synthetic drugs that produce euphoria and increase confidence and concentration

meth

dulls appetite, reduce fatigue, increase alertness

interfere with DA reuptake, but has an increase in DA and NE release in the brain

Opiates

deprived from opium poppy

analgesic

hypnotic

euphoric

Morphine

extracted from opium plant

used as an analgesic in patients with pain from surgery, wounds, cancer

codeine

cough suppressant

Opiods

affects endogenous receptors

Heroin

Most notoriously abused opiate; synthesized from morphine

treatment-methadone and buprenorphine

endogenous endorphins

chemicals similar to narcotics that are produced by the body and cause euphoria and depress pain

Phineas Gage

railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function

Darwin's theory of the evolution of emotion

Particular emotional responses (like facial expressions) tend to accompany the same emotional states in all members of a species

Antithesis

opposite messages are signaled by opposite movements and postures

emotion

a subjective mental state that is usually accompanied by distinctive behaviors as well as involuntary physiological changes

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

a set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state

James-Lange Theory

emotion inducing sensory stimuli are received and decoded by cortext

autonomic activity and behavior that are triggered by the emotional event produce the feeling of emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory

emotional experience and expression are parallel processes that have no direct casual relation

Modern Biopsychological View of Emotion

Perception, physiological reactions, and emotional experience (feelings) are mutually influential

common sense view of emotion

1. Perception of Stimuli

2. Emotional Experience

3. Physiological Response

sham rage

a violent reaction to normally innocuous stimuli following removal of the cerebral cortices

limbic system

emotional expression is controlled by several interconnected nuclei and tracts that ring the thalamus

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

a condition, brought about by bilateral amygdala damage, that is characterized by dramatic emotional changes including reduction in fear and anxiety

polygraph test

Test that measures respiration, blood pressure, and perspiration while person is asked a series of questions; outcome is a diagnostic opinion about honesty.

Control Question Test

A polygraph technique in which the subject is asked a question that elicits an emotional response.

guilty knowledge test

alternative to the polygraph test that relies on the premise that criminals harbor concealed knowledge about the crime that innocent people don't

universality of facial expressions

Facial expressions are recognized cross-culturally

Primary Facial Expressions

surprise, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, happiness

facial feedback hypothesis

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

Microexpressions

very brief, sudden emotional expressions

Duchenne smile

a genuine smile that involves contraction of a particular set of facial muscles

Current perspective on emotion

Six emotion rarely occur in pure form

other primary emotions have been established

Body cues factor

Ekman's six may not be universal

LeDoux's Theory of Emotion

Lesions to medial geniculate nucleus block fear conditioning

established connections in amygdala and direct/indirect routes

periaqueductal gray

elicits defensive responses

lateral hypothalamus

elicits sympathetic response

hippocampus (spatial)

lesions block the development of a fear response to the context without blocking development of a fear response to the explicit conditioned stimulus

lateral nucleus

acquisition, storage, and expression of conditioned fear

Prefrontal cortex

suppress conditioned fear

hippocampus

mediates learning about context of fear related events

Central nucleus

control defensive behavior

Selye anterior pituitary-adrenal cortex system

ACTH releases from anterior pituitary causing a release of glucocorticoids; sympathetic nervous system release E and NE from adrenal medulla

cytokines

Chemicals released by the immune system communicate with the brain; produced by stress

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

a spiral-shaped gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa; is involved in most cases of peptic ulcer disease

Stress effects on hippocampus

shrinks dendrites and reduces neurogenesis