Canine Medicine. Module 1

Grey Wolf

Progenitor of all domestic dogs

Canis lupus

Scientific name of Grey wolf

Southeast Asia, Middle East, and Europe

Places of domestication

Domestication

biological process that leads to development of unique human-animal relationships

Mutualism

modern day relationship of dogs and humans

commensalism

type of relationship humans and dogs had before

self-domestication hypothesis

selective affiliation of wolves with humans

Victorian Era

dog shows became famous leading to different dog breeds to be bred

Cynology

study of matters related to canines

Federation Cynologique Internationale

FCI

354

number of breeds recognized by FCI

1911

year FCI was established

World Canine Organization

English term of FCI

199

number of breeds AKC recognizes

1884

year AKC was established

American Kennel Club

AKC

tail docking

strictly forbidden by FCI

sporting group

originally bred to assist hunters in capturing and retrieving gamefowl

Retrievers

water-loving canines bred to retrieve aquatic waterfowl

Retrievers, Setters, Spaniels, Pointers

some types of sporting group

hound group

bred mainly to pursue warm-blooded prey

scent hounds and sight hounds

two subtypes of hound group

working group

houses one of the most ancient breeds and are developed to work and assist humans

terrier group

bred to chase vermin

short legged breeds

bred to pursue rodents and vermin

long legged breed

bred to dig out burrowing prey

toy group

small, diminutive breeds mainly for companionship

non-sporting group

breeds that cannot be categorized

herding group

developed to move domestic livestock

behavior

actions or reactions of an organism

Environment

Genetics

Physiology

Experience

Maternal influence

Factors influencing dog behavior

behavioral medicine

scientific study of everything animals do

nervous and endocrine system

systems controlling behavior

6 to 9 mos

normal sexual maturity age

12 to 36 mos

normal social maturity age

2

normal number of heat cycle of dogs

3 to 8 weeks

dogs focus on other dogs for social interaction

5 to 12 weeks

dogs focus on people for interaction

14 weeks

underdeveloped social skills if not exposed by this age

16 to 20 weeks

dogs are most receptive to learning how to deal with the new situations

abnormal behavior

one that is dysfunctional and unusual

aggression

everything related to a threat or attack

anxiety

the anticipation of danger accompanied by signs of tension

displacement activity

is the resolution of a conflict by performing a seemingly unrelated activity

dominance

refers to competition over a limited resource

fear

a feeling of apprehension associated with the presence of an object, individual, or social situation and is part of the normal behavior.

frustration

arises when a dog is unable to complete a behavior due to physical or psychological obstacles

phobia

are profound and quickly developed fearful reactions that do not diminish either with gradual exposure to the object or without exposure over time

stereotypic behaviors

are repititious, relatively unvaried actions that have no obvious purpose or function usually derived from normal behavior

behavior modification

techniques used most commonly to modify dog behavior

habituation

the ending of or decrease in a response to a stimulus that results from repeated or prolonged exposure to that stimulus

spontaneous recovery

If there is a long period of time between when a dog has experienced an event to which it had habituated and re-exposure to the same event, the dog may again react

conditioning

refers to the associations between stimuli and behavior

reinforcement

is any event that increases the chances that a certain behavior will be repeated

second-order reinforcers

signals that can be used at a distance to let the dog know that a reward is coming

extinction

a response that stops when a reward is removed

overlearning

the repeated performance of an already learned behavior

delays forgetting

increases resistance to extinction

increases the chance of behavior to be automatic response in similar situations

3 things accomplished by overlearning

shaping

a learning technique that works well for dogs that do not know what response is desired

avoidance

ignoring the problem to minimize danger

desensitization

gradually teaching a dog to tolerate a situation in small steps

counterconditioning

reducing unwanted behavior by teaching the dog to replace it with another more favorable behavior

flooding

prolonged exposure to a stimulus until the dog eventually stops reacting

aversive conditioning

also known as punishment

punishment

any unpleasant event that lowers the chances that a behavior will be repeated

aggression

most common associated cause of behavioral problems in dogs

impulse control aggression

also called dominance aggression

dominance aggression

a threat or attack shown by dogs toward people under any circumstance that involves correction of the dog’s behavior by its owner.

fear aggression

occurs in situations that make a dog afraid

food-related aggression

is shown around food in dogs that are not starved or abused

idiopathic aggression

extremely rare type of aggression that has no known cause

interdog aggression

aggression that is directed at other dogs

maternal aggression

excessive aggression directed toward puppies by the mother dog

pain aggression

a defensive reaction that occurs when a dog is in pain

play aggression

occurs along with play behaviors

possessive aggression

constantly directed towards another individual that approaches or attempts to obtain a non-food object or toy that the dogs owns

predatory aggression

behavior associated with predation

protective aggression

an attempt by a dog to guard its owner from an approach by another person, in the absence of a real threat from the other person

redirected aggression

occurs when a dog is prevented from reaching its intended target directing its attack to another dog or person

territorial aggression

the protection of a place from the approach of another dog or person

excitement urination

the release of a small amount of urine that occurs when a dog is active and excited, but not afraid

incomplete housetraining

consistent elimination in undesirable locations that is not associated with a lack of access or illness

8 to 9 weeks

age dog starts to develop habit of eliminating in certain places

marking behavior

urination or defecation that used to send a social signal

submissive urination

occurs in an otherwise housetrained dog only when the dog is showing postures associated with submission

encouraging a preference for specific surface

encouraging inhibition of urination or defecation until the appropriate location is accessible

two main aspects of house training

8 and a half weeks

first age at which a dog is able to voluntarily inhibit elimination

abnormal ingestive behavior

eating unusual amounts or types of food or non-food items

attention-seeking behavior

when the dog acts in a way that gets the attention of people who are doing something not directly involving the dog

cognitive dysfunction

also called senility

senility

signs include a decrease in social inter action, loss of housetraining, disorientation, and changes in sleep pattern

hyperactivity

an extremely high level of activity that does not respond to correction, redirection, or restraint

neophobia

active avoidance, escape, or anxiety directed at unfamiliar objects and situations

noise phobia

consists of a sudden and profound response to a noise that leads to intense anxiety or attempts to escape confinement

compulsive disorders

are repititive behaviors that occur out of their normal circumstances, or much more often or for much longer periods than is normal

false pregnancy

a condition which a dog acts as though it is pregnant, but is not

separation anxiety

a syndrome in which a dog panics when it is left alone