Fascist Repression

use of intimidation

1. when was the OVRA founded?

2. what was the OVRA

1. founded in 1927

2. secret police of Italy with thousands of informers under Mussolini

use of intimidation

1. how many actions were carried out weekly by the OVRA?

2. how many political prisoners were there?

1. 20,000 actions weekly

2. 5000 political prisoners

use of intimidation

1. how many opponents were sent to confinos?

2. where were they exiled to?

1. 10,000 in confinos

2. exiled to small southern islands

use of intimidation

1. what happened to suspects of the OVRA? (2)

2. how many defendants were tried (+ by which year + how many executions)?

1. beaten up/brought before the OVRA court

2. tried 4500 defendants by 1943 with 31 executions

use of intimidation

1. how many executions did Germany have?

2. how many executions did the Soviet Union have?

3. what did this mean about Mussolini’s OVRA?

1. 18,000 to 20,000

2. over 1 million

3. they were not used as much/as aggressive

use of encouragement

1. how were journalists suppressed?

2. what did many journalists rely on for information?

3. what could loyal journalists receive?

1. press censorship introduced under Leggi Fascistissime (1925)

2. government regulated press office

3. extra pay

use of encouragement

1. what were teachers threatened with?

2. what were they made to do?

3. what was offered to them if they conformed?

4. what could leading professors receive?

1. threatened with dismissal

2. made to join the Teachers’ Association

3. offered career enhancement

4. large salaries

use of encouragement

1. what were the Liberals + PPI promised?

2. under what conditions?

3. what is an example of an influential figure who was given rewards for contributing to Fascist society?

1. safety/positions/rewards

2. if they did not criticise openly

3. Marconi (inventor of radio) made a marquis (1929)