Psychology Final Exam

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Social Psychology

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Chapters 1-15

215 Terms

1

Social Psychology

the study of how the presence of other people influences the ways we think, feel, and behave

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2

Self-identity

the way we understand ourselves in relation to others

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3

Attribution

quick cognitive processes that happen outside of our conscious awareness to give a reason that people do things

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4

Internal Attribution

inference that it’s internal issues

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5

External Attribution

inference that it’s external issues

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6

Central Route Persuasion

influence of pros, cons, logical reasons on feelings

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7

Peripheral Route Persuasion

influence of emotions on feelings

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8

Cognitive Dissonance

the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change

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9

Design

how the research was structured

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10

Execution

how the research was conducted

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11

Evaluation

how are the results interpreted

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12

Hypothesis

Restatement of a question in a way that can be tested, must be falsifiable. Relational Hypothesis- predicts that two variables are related. Causal Hypothesis- predicts that one variable causes another

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13

Independent Variable

the variable that the researcher manipulates

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14

Dependent Variable

the “effect” or the result of the experimental treatment

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15

Confounding Variable

anything that influenced the dependent variable besides the independent variable

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16

Single Blind

where the subjects don’t know the details of the experiment

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17

Double Blind

neither subjects nor experimenters know the details of the experiment

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18

Placebo Effect

when a person's physical or mental health appears to improve after taking a placebo or 'dummy' treatment

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19

Mean

arithmetic average

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20

Median

the measurement of the exact middle of an ordered range

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21

Mode

the value that occurs most often

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22

Range

difference between the lowest and highest values

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23

Cognitive Psychology

approach emphasizes the mental processes involved in perception, decision-making, problem solving, and the ways we construct meaning; suggests that distorted patterns of understanding and interpreting experiences and relationships are responsible for abnormal thoughts and behaviors

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24

Biological Psychology

approach emphasizes biological structures and electro-chemical processes; explains motivation in terms of instincts, drives, and needs; explains mental illnesses as diseases of the mind that, like ordinary physical diseases have discrete physical causes

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25

Behavioral Psychology

approach emphasizes the relationship between environmental influences and behavior, along with what has been reinforced; explains motivation in terms of external forces, rewards, and consequences; suggests that abnormal thoughts and behaviors are learned by association, punishment, and reinforcement

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26

Humanistic Psychology

approach emphasizes thoughts, feelings, and innate human goodness and potential; explains motivation in terms of an intrinsic human need to grow and achieve; explains mental illnesses in terms of circumstances blocking one's progress toward self-actualization

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27

Psychoanalytic Psychology

emphasizes unconscious processes; explains mental illnesses in terms of unconscious psychic conflicts

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28

Rationalism

Rene Descartes, first branch of philosophy's approach to thought, deductive reasoning- beginning from a premise of truth that is certain and deducing one conclusion from another

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29

Empiricism

Francis Bacon, inductive reasoning- arriving at conclusions that started with observations

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30

Phrenology

Dr. Franz Gall, "science" that suggested that the shape of the skull was an indicator of a person's character and personality

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31

Structuralism

early approach to psychology focused on describing mental experiences in terms of complex structures made from increasingly simpler component structures

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32

Functionalism

focused on discovering survival and reproductive advantages that behaviors and mental functions provided

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33

Wilhelm Wundt

credited as the founder of scientific psychology, established a psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879

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34

Williams James

father of American psychology, theorized that consciousness and emotions evolved as a complex mix of physical processes that equipped our ancestors for the challenges of survival

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35

Reductive

mental structures and behaviors consist of even simpler component structures and behaviors

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36

Moral Relativism

worldview in which standards of behavior are based on an individual's temporal framework of values and beliefs and not on any absolutes

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37

The Study of the Brain and Nervous System

neuro-psychology, neuro-anatomy, neuro-biology

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38

Dendrites and Axons

specialized extensions that neurons use to communicate with each other

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39

Motor Neurons

carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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40

Sensory Neurons

carry signals from the sense receptors in the body to the brain

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41

Interneurons

exist exclusively in the brain and spinal cord and make up about 90% of all human neurons

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42

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

the chemical signal increases the likelihood that neighboring neurons will fire

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43

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters

the signal lowers the likelihood that other neurons will fire

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44

Peripheral Nervous System

consists of all the neurons running throughout the body outside of the brain and spinal cord; divided into somatic and autonomic

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45

Autonomic Nervous System

controls involuntary body functions like circulation, respiration, perspiration, and digestion; divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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46

Phineas Gage

metal rod driven through his head, accident demonstrated that there is a connection between the brain and personality

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47

Glial Cells

support neural functioning by digesting dead neurons, producing myelin sheathing, and providing nutrition to neurons

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48

Psychotropic Medications

affect the supply of neurotransmitters or the way in which they are absorbed

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49

Central Nervous System

consists of the brain and spinal cord

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50

Neuron

most basic building block of the nervous system

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51

Somatic Nervous System

controls voluntary muscle movement and makes connections between the motor cortex of the brain and the muscles used in movement

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52

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

records electrical voltage produced when neurons fire, shows brain activity

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53

Computer Axial Tomography (CT scan)

involves rotating an x-ray machine around the brain to produce a series of images, shows brain structure

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54

Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan)

produces real-time three-dimensional images of the brain at work, shows both brain structure and activity

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55

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain, shows both brain structure and activity

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56

Sympathetic System

creates an excited state and mobilizes the body for action by accelerating some functions and decelerating others

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57

Parasympathetic System

restores the body to a state of rest and relaxation

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58

Forebrain

largest part of the brain making up about two-thirds of the brain's size; includes the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus

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59

Corpus Callosum

nerve fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres

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60

Amygdala

almond shaped structure located deep in the temporal lobe and plays a role in fear and other emotions, learning, memory, attention, and perception

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61

Cerebellum

second largest structure in the brain and is associated with movement, coordination, balance, and motor-related memory

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62

Psyche

means mind/soul

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63

ABC's of Psychology

affect (emotions), behavior, cognition

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64

Nervous System

most complex system in the known universe; made up of the Central and Peripheral

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65

Naturalism

worldview that believes all mental activity must ultimately be nothing more than biochemical processes and can be applied to all psychological approaches

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66

Lobotomy

developed by Egas Moniz, psycho-surgery involving removal or alteration of part of the brain

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67

Neuro-transmission

process of converting physical stimuli into neural energy

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68

Absolute Threshold

refers to the minimum intensity of a stimulus that will stimulate an organ to operate. The lowest intensity of something we can sense

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69

Rods

most sensitive to low levels of light and give us night vision

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70

Cones

photoreceptor cells that operate best at high levels of light and are responsible for color vision and vision acuity, activated by electromagnetic energy

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71

Chemoreceptors

respond to chemical substances

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72

Mechanoreceptors

respond to mechanical energy

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73

Just Noticeable Difference

refers to a receptor cell's ability to detect subtle changes in stimulus strength

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74

Nociceptors

extend from the spinal cord to the body and are involved in the experience of pain

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75

Kinesthetic System

the sensory system which tells you what is being done to your body and what your body is doing

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76

Vestibular System

provides the sense of balance and the information about body position that allows rapid compensatory movements in response to both self-induced and externally generated forces.

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77

Motivation

inner state and process that arouses, directs, maintains, and terminates behavior; intrinsic- coming from within; extrinsic- coming from an outside force

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78

Reflexes

automatic, involuntary, and unlearned patterns of behavior that are triggered by particular stimuli

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79

Drive Reduction Theory

biological needs (drives) are the primary motivator of human behavior

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80

Drives

unpleasant internal states of tension which arouse us to take action to meet the need, restore homeostasis, and reduce internal tension

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81

Abraham Maslow

father or humanistic psychology; believed people are born with a motivation to grow toward self-actualization; made the hierarchy of needs

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82

Arousal Theory

we are motivated to achieve our individually optimal state of arousal

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83

Stress

generalized response to a perceived threat; general adaptation syndrome describes the 3 human reactions to prolonged stress

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84

Iris

colored part of the eye and contains the muscles that open and close the pupil

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85

Retina

rounded screen at the back of the eye and contains photoreceptors called rods and cones

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86

Figure-Ground Perception

what a person sees depends on what features they pay more attention to

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87

Paranormal Psychology

refers to any phenomena that is not replicable, "physically" impossible, not explainable by natural processes, or beyond the range of normal experience

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88

6 Basic Human Emotions by Paul Ekman

happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust

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89

Extinction

when a conditioned response ends after the conditioned stimulus is no longer repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus

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90

Classical Conditioning

describes a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired

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91

Unconditioned Response

an organism's reflexive unlearned response to a stimulus

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92

Neutral Stimulus

does not elicit a reflexive response

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93

Shaping

describes reinforcing when a subject gets close to the desired behavior

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94

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

the behavior is reinforced after a fixed number of responses

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95

Reinforcement

a consequence of behavior that increases the likelihood that a response will occur

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96

Punishment

a consequence of behavior that decreases the likelihood that a response will occur

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97

Continuous Reinforcement Schedules

reinforce a behavior every time it occurs

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98

Sensory Memory

like a temporary buffer of memory where information is held very briefly and evaluated for further processing

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99

Latent Learning

a form of learning that is not immediately demonstrated or needed and occurs without direct reinforcement

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100

Social Learning

theory proposes that we learn from one another through observation, imitation, and modeling

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