MARINE BIOLOGY EXAM 2 SET

FOR: Jason Bram's BIOL D013 02Y Marine Biology Course

What kingdom are animals in?

Kingdom Animalia

What characteristics make an animal an animal?

Multicellular, no cell wall, eat food internally, and usually reproduce via sexual reproduction

What is the difference between a vertebrate and an invertebrate?

Vertebrates have a spine, invertebrates don’t.

Are most animals invertebrates or vertebrates?

Most animals are invertebrates.

What are tissues?

Tissues are groups of specialized cells doing the same task

What is symmetry?

A body plan- the ability to be the same on multiple sides.

What is bilateral symmetry?

Symmetry on 2 sides- having 2 symmetrical halves

What is radial symmetry?

Radial symmetry is the ability to be the same on all sides- normally involves a round object

What is asymmetry?

When an item is NOT symmetrical

What is a body cavity?

A space between the epidermis and the outer lining of the gut cavity for protection

Characteristics of a sponge

Sponges have no tissues, no body cavities, no symmetry, are sessile, have ostia, have choanocytes, have an osculum, and are part of phylum porifera

What phylum are sponges in?

Phylum Porifera

How do sponges feed?

Sponges are suspension and filter feeders

What are ostia and choanocytes?

Ostia are the pores/ holes within a sponge and choanocytes are the flagellated cells that filter out the food

What’s the osculum?

The osculum is where water exits a sponge

What symmetry do sponges have?

Sponges have no symmetry

What tissues do sponges have?

Sponges have no tissues

What body cavity do sponges have?

Sponges have no body cavities

What type of larva do sponges have?

Sponges have the larva called parenchymella.

What is filter feeding?

Filter feeding is pumping water in and filtering food out of that water.

What is suspension feeding?

Suspension feeding is feeding on things that are floating in the water.

What is passive suspension feeding?

Suspension feeding is feeding on things that are floating in the water, with no pumping of water, with the use of things like mucus or cilia.

What is deposit feeding?

Deposit feeding is feeding on stuff that sits on the sea floor.

What is spongin?

Spongin is a fibrous protein that makes up the sponge’s skeleton

What are spicules?

Spicules are support structures in sponges made of silica or calcium carbonate

What are amebocytes?

Amebocytes are what create spongin and spicules for sponges, transfer food, and can transform into different cells

How do sponges reproduce?

Spongest can reproduce asexually via budding and sexually via broadcast spawning

What is broadcast spawning?

Broadcast spawning is to inject your seed into the open water waiting for it to fertilize an egg

What is a hermaphrodite?

An organism that has both male and female reproductive organs (can make both sperm and eggs)

What organisms are in Phylum cnidaria?

Cnidarians are jellyfish and sea anemone. Anything with stinging cells/ cnidocytes.

What tissues do Cnidarians have?

Cnidarians have two tissue layers: an endoderm and an ectoderm (inner and outer).

What symmetry to cnidarians have?

Cnidarians have radial symmetry

What characteristics are unique to phylum cnidaria?

The two body forms (Medusa and polyp) are unique to cnidarians, as well as mesoglea.

What body cavity do cnidarians have?

Cnidarians have a gastrovascular cavity.

What is mesoglea?

Mesoglea is an acellular matrix between the endoderm and the ectoderm tissues.

What are the 2 body forms of Cnidarians?

The polyp body form and the medusa body form

What is a cnidocyte and a nematocyst?

A cnidocyte is a stinging cell. A nematocyst is the organelle that lets the stinging actually happen.

What nervous system do Cnidarians have?

Cnidarians have a very simple nervous system called a nerve net.

How do cnidarians feed?

Cnidarians are hunters and are carnivorous.

How can cnidarians reproduce?

Cnidarians can reproduce asexually via budding or splitting. Cnidarians can also produce sexually via broadcast spawning or releasing via the medusa body form

What is the name for Cnidarian larvae?

Cnidarian larvae are called planula.

What classes are within Phylum Cnidaria?

There are four classes within phylum cnidaria. There are the hydrozoans, the scyphozoans, the anthozoans, and the cubozoans.

What organisms are within class Hydrozoa? What’s the common body form?

In class Hydrozoa, the organisms are called hydroids. The common body form is varied for hydrozoans, lacking a polyp stage, some lacking a medusa stage, etc.

What organisms are within class Scyphozoa? What is the dominant body shape within this class?

Organisms in class Scyphozoa are considered “True” Jellyfish, and these all have the medusa body form.

What organisms are within class Anthozoa? What is the dominant body form within this class?

Organisms within class Anthozoa are corals and sea anemones, with the dominant body form being the polyp body form.

What organisms are within class Cubozoa? What is the dominant body form in this class?

Organisms within class Cubozoa are box jellyfish, with the dominant body form being the medusa body form.

What are siphonophores? Give an example.

Siphonophores are an order within the class of hydrozoans. (Which are within phylum cnidaria.) An example of a siphonophore would be the Portuguese man of war.

What are gorgonians? Give an example.

Gorgonians are an order within class Anthozoa. An example of this would be a sea fan.

What are the characteristics of comb jellies?

Comb jellies have 8 rows of ciliary combs going along their body.

What phylum are comb jellies in?

Comb jellies are part of phylum Ctenophora.

What are Ctenes?

Ctenes are the segments that are in rows along a comb jelly’s body. They pulse and aid in movement.

What symmetry to comb jellies have?

Comb jellies have radial symmetry.

What tissues do comb jellies have?

Comb jellies have 2 tissues, one endoderm and one ectoderm (AND they have mesoglea).

What body cavity do comb jellies have?

Comb jellies have a gastrovascular cavity.

What nervous system do comb jellies have?

Comb jellies have a simple nervous system, a nerve net.

What are colloblasts?

Colloblasts are sticky tentacles used to catch prey. These are found mostly in Phylum Ctenophora.

What does dorsal mean?

Dorsal refers to the top half of an object.

What does ventral mean?

Ventral refers to the bottom half of an object.

What does posterior mean?

Posterior refers to the back half of an object.

What does anterior mean?

Anterior refers to the front half of an object.

What symmetry do flatworms have?

Flatworms have bilateral symmetry.

What phylum are flatworms in?

Flatworms are in phylum Platyhelminthes.

What tissues do flatworms have?

Flatworms have 3 tissues.

What body cavity do flatworms have?

Flatworms have no body cavity.

What are the most common flatworms in marine habitats?

The most common flatworm in marine habitats are turbellarians.

Flukes and tapeworms are an example of what?

Flukes and tapeworms are examples of parasitic flatworms.

What phylum are ribbon worms a part of?

Ribbon worms are part of phylum Nemertea.

What symmetry do ribbon worms have?

Ribbon worms have bilateral symmetry.

What body cavities do ribbon worms have?

Ribbon worms have 2 body cavities, the mouth and anus.

What tissues do ribbon worms have?

Ribbon worms have 3 tissues: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.

What distinct characteristics to ribbon worms have?

Ribbon worms have a distinct proboscis that comes out of its mouth used to catch prey.

What phylum are round worms a part of?

Round worms are part of phylum Nematoda.

What specific characteristics do round worms possess?

They are incredibly small and can take up 90% of the marine floor.

What symmetry do round worms have?

Round worms have bilateral symmetry.

What body cavities do round worms have?

Round worms have 2 body cavities- an anus and a mouth.

What tissues do round worms have?

Round worms have 3 tissues: an endoderm, a mesoderm, and an ectoderm.

Arrow worms are in what phylum?

Arrow worms are in phylum Chaetognatha.

Arrow worms have how many tissues?

Arrow worms have 3 tissues, an endoderm, a mesoderm, and an ectoderm.

How many body cavities do arrow worms have?

Arrow worms have 2 body cavities: an anus and a mouth.

What characteristics are unique to arrow worms/ phylum Chaetognatha?

They are all venomous, marine organisms, sense vibrations in the water, and prime hunters.

What phylum are segmented worms a part of?

Segmented worms are a part of phylum Annelida.

What type of symmetry do segmented worms have?

Segmented worms have bilateral symmetry.

Segmented worms have what body cavities?

Segmented worms have 2 body cavities: an anus and a mouth.

What tissues do segmented worms have?

Segmented worms have 3 tissues: an endoderm, a mesoderm, and an ectoderm.

What are some unique characteristics of segmented worms?

Segmented worms have segments, an advanced body cavity (Coelom), gills, and a closed circulatory system.

Most marine annelids are part of what class?

Most marine annelids are part of class polychaeta.

What larvae do marine segmented worms/ polychaetae have?

Polychaetae have trochophore larvae.

What phylum are beard worms/ Pognophorans and tube worms/Vestimentiferans a part of?

They are part of phylum annelida.

What class are beard worms/ Pognophorans and tube worms/Vestimentiferans a part of?

They are part of class polychaeta (marine annelids/ segmented worms)

What are some characteristics of beard worms and tube worms?

They lack digestive systems, and live in the deep sea. Not much known about them.

Echiurans are part of what phylum?

Echiurans are part of phylum Annelida.

Echiurans are part of what class?

Echiurans are part of class ECHIURAN!! It’s in the name.

Echiurans feed with what?

Echiurans feed with a non- retractable proboscis.

Peanut worms are part of what phylum?

Peanut worms are part of phylum Sipuncula.

Peanut worms have what unique characteristic?

They look like peanuts, especially if they retract their anterior side into what looks like their “shell”.

What phylum are mollusks in?

Mollusks are a part of phylum Mollusca.

What symmetry to mollusks have?

Mollusks have bilateral symmetry.

What are the tissues of mollusks? How many?

Mollusks have 3 tissue layers, an endoderm, a mesoderm, and an ectoderm.

How many body cavities do mollusks have?

Mollusks have 2 body cavities.

What is a radula and what is it used for?

A radula is a shovel like tongue used to dig/ scrape.