ap euro unit 3 vocab (part 2)

"Sick man of Europe"

Nickname of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800's and early 1900's as it slowly declined as an European power.

Mongol Yoke

Term for the brutal 300 year period (1200's - 1400's) of Mongol feudal rule over Russia. It left strong Asian influences on Russian culture.

Tsar

Title held by the ruling monarch of Russia.

Autocracy

A state governed by a single absolute monarch who holds absolute power; it is usually associated with Russia.

Boyar

Term that historically refers to the nobility of Russia.

serfs

One of the lower classes, they are rural, agricultural labor who are bound to the land.

Romanov

The dynasty that ruled the state of Russia.

Kremlin

Massive fortress / palace complex in the heart of Moscow that is the traditional center of the Russian government.

St. Petersburg

The city built in the early 1700's on the Baltic coast by Peter the Great as a new capital city of Russia. It was the capital until the Russian Revolution.

Sejm

The historic parliament of Poland. In the medieval period the Sejm held the veto power over actions of the government. It led to national paralysis.

Constitutional monarchy

AKA limited monarchy

A form of government in which the monarch's powers are limited by law.

Republic(an)

Any government that does not have a crowned monarch as head of state.

Stadholder

Title held by the ruling official of a Dutch province, similar to a governor.

east Indies

Geographic region of Southeast Asia that includes Indonesia.

Stock marcket

A business enterprise in which the stocks of different companies are bought, sold, and traded.

Merchant marine

A country's shipping that is involved in trade, rather than military activities.

Finished goods

Products that have been produced from raw materials, thus increasing their value.

Commercial

A synonym for business.

Joint-stock corporation

A business that sell shares to investors who then assume a percentage of risk for a proportional share of any profits.

Magna Carta

Historic 1215 document signed by King John of England that placed limits on the monarch's powers. It is a foundation of English freedom.

balanced polity

Term that refers to the division of governmental powers between the monarch and the Parliament.

Petition of Right

The 1628 document drafted by the Parliament that restricted the monarch's power in exchange for a payment of money. King Charles I signed the Petition, accepted the money, and then refused to honor his word.

Arbitrary

Something that is done without good reason, randomly.

Quartering

In law, quartering is when a government forces people to houses soldiers in their homes without any compensation.

Martial law

This is a form of military control that is used to preserve order when a government feels threatened.

Renege

To go against a previous agreement, to break a promise.

Tyranny

Oppressive, unjust, cruel government.

Eleven Years of Tyranny

Term that refers to the period during which King Charles I ruled England without Parliament. It culminated in the English Civil War. (1629-1640)

Long Parliament

Nickname for the Parliament that was seated in 1640 at the end of the Eleven Years' of Tyranny. The Long Parliament was hostile to King Charles I and met off and on for the next 20 years.

House of Lords

The "upper" house of the English Parliament. Lords is meant to be the voice of the nobility in the government.

House of Commons

The "lower" house of the English Parliament. The Commons is meant to represent the common people in the government.

Cavaliers

Nickname for supporters of Charles I during the English Civil War.

Charismatic

Possessing a compelling charm that inspires devotion in others.

Gentry

An English social class made up of wealthy, land-owning people who are lower than the nobility in status.

Roundheads

Nickname for opponents of King Charles I in the English Civil War.

New Model Army

A military force formed by opponents of the king during the English Civil War. Oliver Cromwell became the commander. Many Puritans served in the New Model Army.

Regicide

Term for the killing of a ruling monarch.

English Commonwealth

1649-1660; This is the only republic in English history. It was formed after the execution of Charles I and lasted until the restoration of Charles II in 1660.

Lord Protector

The title held by Oliver Cromwell during his leadership of the Commonwealth. He refused to take the title of king, instead preferred "dictator".

Levellers

A radical English political movement favored voting rights for all men and even rights for women.

Universal manhood suffrage

Political term that means that all adult men have the right to vote.

Rump Parliament

Following the decision to execute Charles I, many former supporters of the fight against the king turned against Cromwell and withdrew from the Parliament leaving only the most radical and Puritan elements. This radical group were nicknamed the "Rump."

Glorious Revolution

1688 event where the monarch, King James II, was removed from the throne and replaced by a new monarch chosen by the Parliament. It established the superiority of the Parliament over the monarch in England.

Abdicate

The action of a monarch in surrendering their claim to the throne.

Act of Settlement

1701 law by the English Parliament to ensure that no Catholic could sit on the throne. It stated that if Queen Anne died with no surviving children, the throne would go to the German Hannover dynasty, Protestant cousins of the Stuarts. In 1714, George I was crowned the first Hannover monarch of England.

Figurehead

Someone is supposedly the leader of a nation or organization, but who exercises no real authority.

Social Contract Theory

This is a political theory that government's power is given by the people, not by God. There is an informal agreement between the people and the government.