china and japan test

Chronological order of dynasties

1. Shang

2. Zhou

3. Qin

4. Han

5. Sui

6. Tang

7. Song

8. Yuan

9. Ming

Shang Dynasty

1766-1027 BCE

• Considered “Middle Kingdom”

Shang Advances

• Wheeled Chariots

Writing system calligraphy)

•Written records

• Irrigation System

• Bronze Casting

• Calender

• Pottery -kaolin (white clay)

• Jade

Downfall 1027

• Nomads attack

Zhou Dynasty

1027-256 BCE

Advances

• Roads and canals

• Coins (copper and bronze currency)

• Furnace for Iron weapons and Iron tools/plowshares

•Calvary

•Art and literature (first book)

• Experts at Silk making

• Established a Feudal society

Downfall

• Civil war

• Powerful states challenging each other for more Power

• Nomads raid

Qin Dynasty

221-206 BCE

Advances

• Roads and Canals

• Building the Great Wall

•irrigation projects

•Standardized weights and measures, coinage, and laws (writing system )

• Axle wheels

Unified China

Dynasty

• Established Chinas first empire

• Shi Huangdi - Legalist

- 36 Commanderies - (counties)

- Centralized control -imperial Overseer

Supervised two officials and informed emperor

- Bureaucratic administration - Civil governor responsible for laws and farming

- Military expansion - Military governor

- 36 court appointed Judges

- Book Burning →targeted Confucianists

• Buried protestors alive

Han Dynasty

206 BCE - 220 CE

Emperor Wudi 141-87 BCE

•Started public schools

Colonized Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam

• Civil service system

- bureaucracy

- Confucian Scholars

• revival of chinese landscape painting

Civil Service Exam

• Knowledge of Confucianism, ability to write, 5 Studies (military strategy, civil law, revenue and taxation, agriculture, and geography)

Advances

• Civil Service Exams • Expanded Territory • Paper • Schools •Written laws •Dictionary • Medicine •Shipbuilding/rudders • Suspension Bridges • Pax Sinica (Chinese peace) • Landscape Paintings •Ceramics/Jades • two bladed Plow •Yoke •Wheel barrow • Silk road •Silk Production •Water Mill

Downfall

•weak rulers •corruption led to peasant unrest •nomads raid •rebels attack

Sui Dynasty

581-618 CE

• "Land Equalization" system (redistribution) •Unified Coinage •Grand canal constructed •Established an army of Professional Soldiers

Downfall

•People were overworked and overtaxed •Failed invasions • Ruler murdered in a rebellion

Tang Dynasty

618-907 CE

One of the Two Golden Ages of China

Advancements

- Imperial Examination System • spread of Buddhism • Reestablished safety on Silk road • Golden Age of foreign relations trade (Korea, Japan, Persia) • Poetry became Popular • Established Tributary States • Tea from Southeast Asia •continued the grand Canal •Porcelain •Block Printing •Gun powder • Mechanical Clock• Pagoda

Downfall

•Northern Tribes •Rebels burned cities corruption • Famine

Song Dynasty

One of the Two Golden Ages of China

Advancements

•Paper money •Landscape Paintings - Daoism, family, and villages • Movable Type - more efficient and easier •Mathematics - arithmetic and algebra

• Magnetic compass •Human Anatomy •Agriculture - granted land to farmers and became Commercial/commerial? economy

Dynasty

• Creation of an urban, merchant, middleclass.

Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books.

Downfall

• Jurchen Invaders

• Mongol Invaders

Yuan Dynasty

1279-1368 CE

Black plague spred by the Mongols in the mid-14 ce?

• Sent fleets against Japan

•1274-40,000 Warriors

• 1281-150,000 Warriors

- defeated by kamikaze [winds of the gods ]

Advancements

• united China. mail routes •passports (medallions)

• Coal • restored Grand Canal/ water Control projects

Decline

•following death of Kublai khan

•Chinese want to retake control of China

Ming Dynasty

1368-1644 CE

means brilliant

Downfall 1644

•Isolation •poor harvest •government corruption •high taxes •peasant uprising •rebel armies and Manchus threatening

Geography of China

To the east- yellow sea, east china sea, the pacific ocean

to the west- Taklamakan Desert and Icy plateau of Tibet

to the southwest- Himalayas

to the north- gobi desert and mongolian plateau

Origin of silk

Silk originated in ancient China, though traditional accounts often credit its discovery to Empress Leizu around 2700 BCE. The Chinese guarded the secret of sericulture (cultivation of silkworms) for thousands of years, it eventually spread to other parts of Asia and Europe

Oracle Bones

Priests scratch questions for the god on animal bones and tortoise shells. A hot metal stick is applied on the bone/shell, which causes it to crack, and the priests interpret the cracks to see how the gods answered.

Dynastic Cycle

Historians describe the pattern of rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties as the dynastic cycle.

Mandate of Heaven

(Tien Ming)

1) the leader must lead by ability and virtue

2) the dynasty’s leadership must be justified by succeeding generations

3) the mandate could be revoked by negligence and abuse; the will of the people was important.

Feudalism

political system where the nobles or lords are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king. In return, nobles owe loyalty and military service to the kings and protection to the people who live on their estates.

Bureaucracy

trained civil service, or those who run the government. Education became critically important to the career advancements in bureaucracy.

Confucianism

Major ____ principles

•Li—Rites (formal customs), rules, ritual (appropriate behaviors)

•Ren—humaneness (compassion for others), humanity (quality of human behavior)

•Shu— empathy (understanding feelings of others)

•Yi— righteousness (being morally right)

•xiao— filial piety (respect your elders)

Daoism

Major ____ principles

1. dao is the first-cause of the universe. it is a force that flows through all life

2. a believer’s goal is to become one with Dao (one with nature) don’t fight nature, embrace it (without force or struggle).

3. “Let nature take its course” “the art of doing nothing” “go with the flow”

4. man is unhappy because he lives according to man-made laws, customs, and traditions that are contrary to the ways of nature

Legalism

Major _____ principles

1. human nature is naturally selfish

2. intellectualism and literacy is discouraged

3. law is the supreme authority and replaces morality

4. the ruler must rule with a strong, punishing hand

5. war is the means of strengthening a ruler’s power

Analects

•the most important confucian work

•”conversation”

Five basic relationships

A key concept in Confucianism that outlines the hierarchical relationships between people

ruler and subject:

father and son

husband and wife

elder brother and younger brother

friend and friend.

Civil Service

The civil service exam was a method of recruiting civil officials to work and maintain a stable government. based on merit and skill. tested on Confucian classics, ability to write, military strategy, civil law, revenue and taxation, agriculture, and geography.

Shi Huangdi

•the warring states(475-221 BCE)

•His forces and him defeated the other states and unified china under the Qin dynasty

•he followed legalism

259-210 BCE

Autocracy

A system of government by one person with absolute power

Yin and Yang

Two powers that together represented the natural rhythms of life. Both the I Ching (book of oracles) and ____ helped Chinese people understand how they fit into the world. This is part of Laozi’s ideas about order and harmony.

Filial Piety

Confucius stressed children should practice respect for their parents and ancestors. To him, it means devoting oneself to one’s parents during their lifetime. Honoring their memory after death through performance of certain rituals.

Liu Bang

•founded the han dynasty

•destroyed rival’s power

•won popular support

•followed shi huangdi’s policy of establishing centralized government

•lowered taxes, softened harsh punishments

•people appreciated the peace and stability

Empress Lu

Whilst she never proclaimed herself as China’s primary ruler, the power she held throughout her life has led many historians to view her as the first Empress to rule China. She ruled alongside her husband after his ascension and continued to dominate the political scene for 15 years after his death, a period that saw three successive Han Emperors. Although she can be accredited as a capable ruler, her reign is perhaps more notable for the manner in which she dealt with her opponents.

•she kept control of the throne by naming infants the emperor, knowing they were too young to rule so she was in control until they grew older

Emperor Wudi (141-87 BCE)

Emperor during the Han dynasty

•Started public schools

•colonized manchuria, korea, vietnam

•civil service system

•bureaucracy

• Confucian scholars

•revival of Chinese landscape painting

Wang Mang

•restored order and bring the country under control

•took imperial title and threw the han

•minted new money because treasury shortage

•took land from rich to distribute to farmers who lost their land

Assimilation

process of making conquered people part of chinese culture

Monopoly

occurs when a group has exclusive control over the production and distribution of certain goods

Social classes

• ____ of the tang and song

• Emperor and Imperial Family: The absolute pinnacle of the social structure.

• Aristocracy (Tang) to Scholar-Officials (Song): Tang society still relied on aristocratic families, but the Song saw the rise of a "gentry" class defined by education and success in civil service exams.

• Peasantry: Constituted the vast majority (about 90%) of the population and were respected for producing food, though heavily taxed.

• Merchants: Considered lowest due to Confucian views that they profit from others' work, despite often gaining significant wealth.

• Slaves/Base People: Included entertainers, workers in "polluting" trades, and hereditary servants.

Gentry

a social class that made up of scholar-officals and their family. obtained by education and civil service postitions

Wu Zhao

She held the real power while weak emperors sat on thrones. in 690, she took the title of emperor for herself, the only woman ever to do so during tang dynasty

Footbinding

•Used to keep women subordinate

•men believe it’s attractive to have the doll-size feet and beautiful shoes

•mothers continue custom by binding their daughters’ feet

•upperclass girls, it became a new custom

•toes would be broken at 3 years of age

Mongols

•nomadic clan •fierce warriors;admire bravery •greatest skill is horse manship

Genghis Khan

•Temujin → _______ (universal ruler)

•From the steppe (dry, grass-covered plains of central Asia)

•unites Mongols

•armies made up of cavalry

Genghis Khan

•conquered the large land empire in:

•Eastern Europe

•Asia

•the middle east

1160-1227

Kublai Khan

•Genghis Khan’s grandson

•defeats song dynasty

•sets up yuan dynasty

Khanates

•Great Khan (mongolia and china)

•Ilkhanate (Persia)

•Golden Horde (russia)

•Chagatai (central asia)

Marco Polo

•venetian merchant •traveled through yuan china:1271-1295 •”black stones” (coal) •gunpowder

1254-1324

Mongol Peace

•political stability •safer on the silk roads •goods, ideas, and innovations spread •chinese advances

also known as Pax Mongolica 1200-1300s

Pastoralists

nomadic people. herded domesticated animals, constantly on the move, searching for pasture to feed their herds. traveled on familiar seasonal pattern.

kamikaze

the yuan dynasty sent fleets against Japan but the kamikaze defeated them and when they tried again (didn’t know it was typhoon season) the kamikaze defeated them again. the japan says the divine wind saved them

Hongwu

Zhu Yuanzhang (name before emperor)

•Rebel leader (1328-1398) led a group of bandits against the Yuan military.

• Pushed Mongols North

Ming Emperor _____ (r. 1368- 1398)

• Erased Mongo Past-valued History •Korea and South east Asia Paid tribute • Not allow outsiders to threaten peace and prosperity--Jingiwei (Secret police) • Revived the Civil Service exam (Confucian values) •Code of Laws •Agriculture reforms and irrigation • Mulberry Trees •New Section of Great Wall •School for Arts

Zheng He

He is known for leading massive Chinese maritime expeditions, called "seven voyages," from 1405 to 1433, commanding enormous fleets that traveled across the Indian Ocean to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa to project China's power, establish diplomatic ties, and trade exotic goods, all under the Ming Dynasty. He was a renowned eunuch admiral, explorer, diplomat, and military leader, famous for his impressive shipbuilding, vast scale of voyages, and ability to foster relations rather than conquer, making him a significant figure in Chinese history and global exploration.