AP Euro Chapter 12 Vocab/Concepts

Renaissance

Means rebirth, bringing back knowledge from ancient Greece and Rome

Why did the Italian Renaissance even happen?

• Geographt near Rome and Greece

• Funding the arts and research is expensive, but Italy was rich

The Black Death

• aka the Black Plague or Bubonic Plague

• Spread by fleas

• Came from Asia and traveled along the Silk Road

• Takes out city-states for 60-80 years

• Spreads in 3 months and kills 1/3 of Europe’s population

Hanseatic League

• A collection of trading cities and territories in northern Europe

• Swoop in to southern Europe during the Black Plague

• Traded goods like timber, iron, and grain

• Consisted of the Danes, the Dutch the Swedes, and the northern Germans

Medici Family

• Rich bankers, starting in 1397 handling the papacy’s money

• Known as “patrons of the arts”

• Practically ruled Florence

• Were temporarily removed by France

Social structure of the Italian Renaissance

3 Estates:

• 1st estate: Clergy and all members of the Church

• 2nd estate: All people with a title (Nobles of Robe and Nobles of Sword)

• 3rd estate: All people without a title

Marriage in the Italian Renaissance

Typically men would have a title and women would pay a dowry to the man’s family, sort of like a bribe (All is arranged by the patriarchy)

Baldasseri Castiglione

• Wrote The Book of the Courtier

• Targets the ruling class, telling them to have

  • Impeccable character

  • Strength of sword and mind

  • The ability to be a good role model

Niccolo Machiavelli

• Wrote The Prince, telling people to usually be moral but do anything to keep the crown on their head

• Was very brutal and honest for the time

• Told people to take out morals and religion

• Nearly died after being a good noble

• Criticized mercenaries and told people to raise their own loyal armies

• First to introduce idea of ambassadors

Individualism

The movement that gave individuals more recognition for their skills, starting with artists like Michelango and Raphael

Humanism

• People try to gain more knowledge for themselves

• Results from the books of the printing press

• People often studied Greco-Roman literature

• Some even became hermits

• Based on the ideas of Petrarch

Petrarch

• Creates the term “Dark Ages”

• Basically tells people to be smarter like the Romans

• Views intellectual life as one of solitude

Civic humanism

• People try to share their knowledge with others, benefiting all

• Based on ideas of Cicero

Neoplatonism

Mixed the ideas of Plato with the teachings of Jesus Christ,so everything is bound by spiritual love

Hermeticism

• The study of manuscripts and occult sciences to learn hermetic magic

• Hermetic magic involves changing the environment around someone, like the weather or crop growth

Pantheism

The belief that the gods surrounf people and take forms in nature (leads to hermeticism)

Printing press

• Uses movable type to mass-print one page at a time

• Makes books affordable, less time consuming, and inspires humanism

• Produces Gutenberg Bible

Northern Italian art

• Used oil paint and focused on detail more than perspective

• Often religious and based on religious feeling

• More illuminated manuscripts and wooden panel paintings

• Usually smaller than Southern Italian art

• Often painted onto church walls

Southern Italian art

• Reuses perspective, shading, scale, etc.

• Is more secular

• Funded by Medicis and Church

• Skilled artists are recognized, creating individualism

Donatello

First major Renaissance artist, creating the bronze Statue of David as propaganda for the Medici family (Early Renaissnace)

Raphael

Painted the frescoes in the Vatican (High Renaissance)

Michelangelo

A High Renaissance artist who painted the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican and created the marble Statue of David

Leonardo da Vinci

• A High Renaissance artist

• Created the term “Renaissance man”

• Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, was an expert engineer, and studied anatomy

New monarchies

Countries like England that began to create the layout of modern Europe

The 5 major Italian city-states

• Republic of Venice

• Republic of Florence

• Duchy of Milan

• Papal States

• Kingdom of Naples

Venice

• Officially a republic but really an oligarchy of rich merchants

• Had a powerful navy and controlled trade routes in northeastern Italy

• Arguably richest city-state

Florence

• Officially a republic but Medici family too over oligarchy in 1434

• Had lots of wealth

• Where Donatello and Brunelleschi worked

• Sold high-quality wool cloth

• Tuscany

Milan

• Ruled by a duke

• Saved by Condottieri Ludovico Sforza, who invaded the city-state in 1447 and fixed the tax structure

• Northwestern Italy

Papal States

• Ruled by the Pope and contained the Vatican

• Many famous religious artworks are here

• Central Italy

Naples

• Had a large population, but many were poor people

• Was heavily influenced by the Spanish

• Weakest major city-state

• Southern Italy