AP Euro Chapter 12 Vocab/Concepts

Renaissance

Means rebirth, bringing back knowledge from ancient Greece and Rome

Why did the Italian Renaissance even happen?

• Geography near Rome and Greece

• Funding the arts and research is expensive, but Italy was rich

The Black Death

• aka the Black Plague or Bubonic Plague

• Spread by fleas and narrow roads

• Boils called bubos appeared and patients experienced a violent cough signifying death will come soon

• Clergy took care of sick and buried the dead

• Came from Asia and traveled along the Silk Road

• Takes out city-states for 60-80 years

• Spreads in 3 months and kills 1/3 of Europe’s population

• About 60% of top clergy are killed

• 50-66% of people are killed in densely populated areas

• Jews were sometimes blamed as scapegoats

Flagellants

People who perform extrem self-whipping or punsihment, especially those who believed the Black Death was punishment from God

Danse macabre

Translates to “dance of death,” resulting from the Black Death, often shown in paintings

Hanseatic League

• A collection of trading cities and territories in northern Europe

• Swoop in to southern Europe during the Black Plague

• Traded goods like timber, iron, and grain

• Consisted of the Danes, the Dutch the Swedes, and the northern Germans

The Hundred Years’ War

A period of conflict between England and France

• Lasted 1337-1453 (116 years)

• England is initially outnumbered (4 vs 17 million people) but wins battles with longbows and political unity 

• They traded victories for a while

• Joan of Arc is captured and her martyrdom reenergizes the French

• French win in 1453 at Battle of Castillon

The Great Schism

• Papacy in moved by French pope to France in 1309 (called the Babylonian Captivity)

• Papacy is moved back to Rome in 1377 by Pope Gregory XI, who dies a year later

• Italian Pope Urban VI is elected after threats from Italian mobs

• French cardinals eventually break free, issue a manifesto discrediting the Italian pope, and elect French Pope Clement VII during Pope Urban VI’s papacy

Medici Family

• Rich bankers, starting in 1397 handling the papacy’s money

• Known as “patrons of the arts”

• Practically ruled Florence

• Were temporarily removed by France

Social structure of the Italian Renaissance

3 Estates:

• 1st estate: Clergy and all members of the Church

• 2nd estate: All people with a title (Nobles of Robe and Nobles of Sword)

• 3rd estate: All people without a title

Marriage in the Italian Renaissance

Typically men would have a title and women would pay a dowry to the man’s family, sort of like a bribe (All is arranged by the patriarchy)

Baldasseri Castiglione

• Wrote The Book of the Courtier

• Targets the ruling class, telling them to have

  • Impeccable character

  • Strength of sword and mind

  • The ability to be a good role model

• Guide for individual behavior

Niccolo Machiavelli

• Wrote The Prince, telling people to usually be moral but do anything to keep the crown on their head

• Was very brutal and honest for the time

• Told people to take out morals and religion

• Nearly died after being a good noble

• Criticized mercenaries and told people to raise their own loyal armies

• First to introduce idea of ambassadors

• Guide for political behavior

Individualism

The movement that gave individuals more recognition for their skills, starting with artists like Michelango and Raphael

Humanism

• People try to gain more knowledge for themselves

• Results from the books of the printing press

• People often studied Greco-Roman literature

• Some even became hermits

• Based on the ideas of Petrarch

Petrarch

• Creates the term “Dark Ages”

• Basically tells people to be smarter like the Romans

• Views intellectual life as one of solitude

Civic humanism

• People try to share their knowledge with others, benefiting all

• Based on ideas of Cicero

Neoplatonism

Mixed the ideas of Plato with the teachings of Jesus Christ,so everything is bound by spiritual love

Hermeticism

• The study of manuscripts and occult sciences to learn hermetic magic

• Hermetic magic involves changing the environment around someone, like the weather or crop growth

Pantheism

The belief that the gods surrounf people and take forms in nature (leads to hermeticism)

Printing press

• Uses movable type to mass-print one page at a time

• Makes books affordable, less time consuming, and inspires humanism

• Produces Gutenberg Bible in 1455

• Makes laws and discoveries clear

• Helps increase literacy

Southern Italian art

• Reuses perspective, shading, scale, etc.

• Is more secular

• Funded by Medicis and Church

• Skilled artists are recognized, creating individualism'

• Concerned Classical figures and religious figures/scenes

• Took form in frescoes, tempera, and marble

Donatello

First major Renaissance artist, creating the bronze Statue of David as propaganda for the Medici family (Early Renaissnace)

Raphael

Painted the frescoes in the Vatican (High Renaissance), including The School of Athens, which emphasizes the respect for Classical figures and civic humanism

Michelangelo

A High Renaissance artist who painted the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican and created the marble Statue of David (an example of naturalism)

Naturalism

Accurate portrayal of the human body and anatomy

Leonardo da Vinci

• A High Renaissance artist

• Created the term “Renaissance man”

• Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, was an expert engineer, and studied anatomy

Filippo Brunelleschi

• Lived 1377-1446

• Friend of Donatello

• Created the II Duomo for the Cathedral of Florence

• Design for Church of Lorenzo was based on Classical ideas, unlike the Gothic medieval churches

• Skilled in many fields, such as smithing, mathematics, and sculpting

• Considered the first to rediscover perspective

New monarchies

• Countries like England that began to create the layout of modern Europe

• Limit the power of the feudal nobles of the sword

• Unified taxation, religious, military, trade and legal systems

The 5 major Italian city-states

• Republic of Venice

• Republic of Florence

• Duchy of Milan

• Papal States

• Kingdom of Naples

Venice

• Officially a republic but really an oligarchy of rich merchants

• Had a powerful navy and controlled trade routes in northeastern Italy

• Arguably richest city-state

Florence

• Officially a republic but Medici family too over oligarchy in 1434

• Had lots of wealth

• Where Donatello and Brunelleschi worked

• Lorenzo the Magnificent advocated for civic humanism and art here

• Sold high-quality wool cloth

• Tuscany

Milan

• Ruled by a duke

• Saved by Condottieri Ludovico Sforza, who invaded the city-state in 1447 and fixed the tax structure

• Northwestern Italy

Papal States

• Ruled by the Pope and contained the Vatican

• Many famous religious artworks are here

• Central Italy

Naples

• Had a large population, but many were poor people

• Was heavily influenced by the Spanish

• Weakest major city-state

• Southern Italy

The Northern Renaissance

A more religious movement that occured in England, the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Empire

Northern Renaissance art

• Used oil paint and focused on detail more than perspective

• More illuminated manuscripts and wooden panel paintings

• Usually smaller than Southern Italian art

• Often painted onto church walls

• Depicted peasants, portraits, and nature

• Comissioned by wealthy merchants and monarchs

• Ex: Pieter Bruegel

Vernacular

Common language