THE SPREAD OF LUTHERANISM: The German Princes

What were the consequences of Frederick the Wise's refusal to agree to demands for Luther to be sent to Rome?

Luther survived, as he would have been executed for treason if he had gone to Rome.

How did Frederick the Wise's refusal of papal orders to burn Luther’s works in 1520 lead to Luther’s survival?

By refusing to burn Luther’s works, he contributed to the spread of Lutheranism.

What was Frederick's role regarding the Diet and Edict of Worms in 1521?

He insisted on safe conduct for Luther, was absent during the vote on the Edict of Worms, and ensured Luther’s safety afterward.

What role did Frederick the Wise play after Luther’s return to Wittenberg in 1522?

He provided refuge for Luther and led princes in refusing to enforce the Edict of Worms.

What was Frederick’s ability to protect Luther based on?

It was linked to his position as the most senior elector.

How did Emperor Maximilian make concessions to Frederick?

He courted Frederick’s vote to ensure the election of his grandson Charles.

How did Pope Leo X make concessions to Frederick?

He sought Frederick’s vote to break the Habsburg monopoly and flattered him with a golden rose.

How did Charles V make concessions to Frederick?

He did not pressure Frederick, granted safe conduct to Worms, and ignored Frederick’s non-enforcement of the Edict of Worms.

Why is the University of Wittenberg a probable reason for Frederick’s protection of Luther?

Frederick was proud of the university, which was gaining fame through Luther, attracting humanist talent.

Why is Luther’s attack on Tetzel a probable reason for Frederick’s protection?

Tetzel threatened Frederick’s indulgence sales and was linked to his rival, Albert of Mainz.

What was the significance of Albrecht of Hohenzollern's conversion?

His conversion shocked Catholic Europe and was controversial due to his connections.

What was the significance of Philip of Hesse's conversion?

He played a key military role in defending the new faith against revolts.

What was the significance of John the Steadfast's conversion?

He succeeded Frederick as Elector and provided essential protection for Luther.

What did the Recess of Speyer mean for conversion during 1526-29?

Princes had the freedom to choose regarding the Edict of Worms and Lutheranism.

Why did faith lead to John of Saxony’s conversion?

He supported Luther before the Recess and influenced his brother Frederick.

Why did faith lead to Hohenzollern's conversion?

Hohenzollern was converted by hearing Luther speak at the Diet of Worms.

How did financial gain influence Hohenzollern’s conversion?

He secularized land for a hereditary Duchy and used Church revenues for wealth.

How did financial gain influence Philip of Hesse’s conversion?

He used confiscated revenues to establish institutions while retaining most for himself.

How did financial gain influence John of Saxony’s conversion?

He left Church lands for the Lutheran Church but used more funds to pay off debts.

How did enhancing a prince’s sovereign powers influence conversion?

Princes gained authority over the Church, increasing their control over their territories.

Who convened the meeting in December 1530 to discuss Lutheranism?

Philip of Hesse and John of Saxony.

What did the Schmalkaldic League agree upon?

To defend Lutheranism with force if necessary.

What was the charter of the Schmalkaldic League?

Any attack on one member was considered an attack on all.

What did Luther believe about politics?

‘Man must suffer the wicked prince; God will punish him’.

Why did Luther agree to give his blessing to the League?

Because its aim was defensive.

What happened to Philip of Hesse during Charles' absence?

He bounced back and violated his peace agreement.

What was a major triumph of the Schmalkaldic League?

Restoring Duke Ulrich of Wurttemberg.

What was the result of the Religious Truce of Nuremberg?

Charles offered peace to the League in return for military help.

What did Charles V fail to achieve in enforcing Catholicism?

He could not enforce it due to his reliance on a General Council and lack of military power.

Why did The Pope and some Catholic Princes fail to support Charles V?

They feared losing power and could not agree on necessary reforms.