Learning objectives week 3

What are the primary pathogens that affect equines and what diseases do they cause?

Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) causes abortion, respiratory illness, and systemic infection; Taylorella equigenitalis causes contagious equine metritis.

What disease does Tritrichomonas foetus cause in cattle?

Bovine trichomoniasis, leading to infertility and early embryonic death.

What is the disease caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis in cattle?

Bovine genital campylobacteriosis, causing infertility and early embryonic loss.

Which virus is associated with congenital abnormalities in sheep?

Border Disease Virus (BDV).

What impact does Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) have on goats?

It leads to occasional mastitis, arthritis, and reproductive impacts.

What are the effects of Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) in swine?

Causes reproductive failure, including stillbirths, mummified fetuses, and abortions.

What is Canine Herpesvirus (CHV) known to cause in puppies?

Fading puppy syndrome, infertility, and neonatal death.

What is the primary pathogen affecting multiple species that corresponds to respiratory disease and abortion?

Herpes viruses.

What condition does Leptospira spp. cause in multiple species?

Abortion, infertility, and systemic infection.

What are Brucella spp. associated with in terms of reproductive issues?

Brucella abortus causes abortion in cattle; Brucella melitensis causes reproductive losses in goats and sheep; Brucella canis causes infertility and abortion in dogs; Brucella suis causes abortion and infertility in pigs.

List the major gross and histological findings associated with Equine Herpesvirus (EHV-1).

Gross findings include fresh fetuses with edema and petechiae; histologically, there is necrosis in the liver and spleen.

What are the main concerns in managing pregnancy accidents, like uterine torsion?

Uterine torsion can lead to obstruction of blood flow, fetal hypoxia, and uterine wall necrosis.

What is the prognosis for a cow with retained fetal membranes if treated early?

Generally good with medical or manual intervention.

What might happen if placental separation occurs prematurely in mares?

This can lead to fetal distress due to disruption of oxygen exchange.

How does acute mastitis typically present in cattle?

Swollen, painful mammary gland with erythema and purulent discharge.

What role does colostrum play for newborn neonates?

Colostrum provides passive immunity and essential nutrients.

What diagnostic test is the gold standard for assessing IgG levels in foals?

Radial Immunodiffusion (RID).

What key signs indicate a neonate is experiencing hypoglycemia?

Weakness, tremors, seizures, or failure to nurse.

What are the risks associated with failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPT) in neonates?

Increased susceptibility to infections, diarrhea, respiratory diseases, septic arthritis, and poor growth.

What maternal factors can lead to inadequate colostrum quality?

Maternal malnutrition, illness, stress, or premature lactation.

In which animals is dystocia most commonly seen?

In breeds with known reproductive issues, including brachycephalic breeds in dogs and cats.

What are the signs that indicate a dystocia condition during parturition?

Prolonged labor, abnormal straining, absent fetal delivery after expected times.

List essential intervention measures for managing dystocia cases.

Manipulation techniques, medical management with oxytocin, and surgical management through cesarean section.

What is a common consequence of retained fetal membranes?

Increased risk for metritis and systemic infection.

How should neonatal hypothermia be managed?

Gradual warming using heat sources and monitoring temperature closely.

What kind of antibiotics should be given to systemically ill neonates?

Broad-spectrum antibiotics appropriate for their particular infection risk.

What is the function of the placenta during pregnancy in mammals?

The placenta facilitates nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and developing fetus.

What are the signs of a healthy neonate after birth?

Normal respiratory effort, vigour in nursing, and a strong cry.

What is the importance of monitoring temperature in neonates?

Temperature regulation is critical to prevent hypothermia and ensure proper metabolic function.

What is the consequence of maternal stress during late pregnancy?

Increased risk of abortion, low birth weight, and poor neonatal outcomes.

What are common causes of dystocia in cattle?

Fetal oversize, abnormal presentation, and inadequate pelvic size.

What role do probiotics play in neonatal health?

Probiotics help establish healthy gut flora and prevent gastrointestinal diseases.

How does bacterial infection typically present in neonates?

Signs include lethargy, poor feeding, and abnormal body temperature.

What effect does colostrum quality have on neonatal immunity?

High-quality colostrum enhances passive immunity, reducing susceptibility to infections.

How can maternal illness impact pregnancy outcomes?

Maternal illness can lead to complications such as abortion, low birth weight, or congenital abnormalities.

What is the typical treatment for hypoglycemia in neonates?

Immediate administration of glucose, either orally or intravenously.

What are common viral infections in livestock that affect fertility?

Common viral infections include Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), both of which can impact reproductive performance.

What is the role of the critical period in neonatal development?

The critical period is a specific time frame post-birth during which neonates are most susceptible to environmental influences affecting their development and health.

What are the effects of maternal nutrition on fetal development?

Inadequate maternal nutrition can lead to low birth weight, congenital abnormalities, and compromised immune function in neonates.

How can environmental stressors impact pregnancy?

Environmental stressors like extreme temperatures, noise, and confinement can adversely affect pregnant animals, leading to abortion or abnormal fetal development.

What clinical signs indicate a neonatal sepsis condition?

Clinical signs of neonatal sepsis include elevated heart rate, cool extremities, poor suck reflex, and abnormal respiratory patterns.

What is the importance of early colostrum intake in neonates?

Early colostrum intake is crucial for passive immunity transfer, providing essential antibodies that protect against infections during the first weeks of life.

What management strategies can help prevent dystocia?

Management strategies include proper breeding practices, monitoring gestation closely, and providing adequate nutrition to the mother.

How does hypoglycemia in neonates occur?

Hypoglycemia can occur due to inadequate intake of energy substrates, prolonged fasting, or excessive energy expenditure.

What is the significance of the neonatal period in animal health?

The neonatal period is critical for survival; health during this time sets the foundation for future growth, immunity, and overall wellbeing.

What role do maternal antibodies play in neonate protection?

Maternal antibodies provide initial immune protection against pathogens until the neonate's own immune system matures.