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28 Terms
1
Cluniac Reform
A movement in the 10th and 11th centuries that sought to free the Church from secular influence by emphasizing monastic purity and obedience to the pope.
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2
Pope Gregory VII
A reformist pope (r. 1073–1085) who fought against lay investiture, asserting papal supremacy over secular rulers.
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3
Lay Investiture
The practice of secular rulers appointing bishops and abbots, which led to conflict between church and state.
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4
Excommunication
A severe Church punishment that cut individuals off from the sacraments and Christian community.
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5
Papal Curia
The administrative body of the Church, assisting the pope in governance.
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6
Pope Innocent III
A powerful pope (r. 1198–1216) who expanded papal authority and called the Fourth Lateran Council.
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7
Interdict
A Church sanction that forbade the administration of sacraments in a particular region to pressure rulers.
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8
Monasticism
A religious practice involving the renunciation of worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work.
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9
Sacraments
Sacred rituals of the Church, such as baptism and the Eucharist.
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10
Relics
Holy objects associated with saints, believed to have spiritual power.
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11
Indulgences
Grants from the Church that reduced time in purgatory, sometimes abused for financial gain.
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12
Purgatory
A place where souls were purified before entering heaven.
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13
Crusade
A series of holy wars launched by Christians to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslims.
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14
Anti-Semitism
Hostility toward Jews, often leading to persecution.
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15
Bedouins
Nomadic Arab tribes that played a key role in early Islamic society.
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16
Muhammad
The founder of Islam, believed to be God’s final prophet.
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17
Qur'an
The holy book of Islam, believed to contain God’s revelations.
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18
Hajj
The pilgrimage to Mecca, required of Muslims.
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19
Caliph
The leader of the Muslim community after Muhammad.
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20
Umayyads
The first major Islamic dynasty (661–750), centered in Damascus.
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21
Shi'ites
Muslims who believe leadership should stay within Muhammad’s family.
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22
Sunnis
Muslims who follow the consensus in choosing leaders.
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23
Harun al-Rashid
A great Abbasid caliph known for cultural and scientific advancements.
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24
Inquisitors
Church officials who investigated heresy.
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25
Knights Templar
A military-religious order protecting pilgrims.
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26
Manzikert
A battle in 1071 where the Seljuks defeated the Byzantines.
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27
Sufism
Islamic mysticism emphasizing direct experience of God.
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28
Jihad
The struggle for faith, interpreted as both spiritual struggle and holy war.
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