Ch 11 micro

Innate immunity is ________; adaptive immunity is ________.

Nonspecific; specific

Innate immunity includes

The first- and second-line defenses

Patients who have decreased normal gut microbiota, due to antibiotic therapy, are at high risk for infections by unchecked pathogens.

True

______ is a physiological process coordinated by the immune system to eliminate antigens.

An immune response

The three lines of immune defense do not include

Natural defenses

The main purpose of the first-line defenses is to

Prevent pathogen entry

Constant rinsing of saliva in the mouth limiting what microbes adhere to oral tissues, tears washing debris or pathogens from the eyes, and urine flushing microbes out of the body are some of the mechanisms of

The first-line defenses

The epithelial cells that are bound together into sheets that line every body cavity and body entrance form

Physical barriers

The enzyme lysozyme, which is found in bodily secretions, acts as a chemical barrier by

Breaking down bacterial cell walls

______ are proteins that act as chemical barriers by destroying a wide spectrum of viruses, parasites, bacteria, and fungi.

Antimicrobial peptides

Second-line defenses are categorized as cellular immunity.

True

T cell precursors are made in the ______ and then make their way to the thymus to mature into T cells, whereas B cells are made in the ______ and also mature there.

Bone marrow; bone marrow

An increase in leukocytes is called

Leukocytosis

A ______ is a rapid and inexpensive test that can be used to help with diagnosis. It determines if the number of leukocytes in a patient’s blood is not in the normal range.

Differential white blood cell count

______ are the most numerous white blood cells in circulation.

Neutrophils

______ are the scarcest of the white blood cells and are packed with histamine.

Basophils

Mast cells are not counted as a part of a differential white blood cell count because they are

Found in tissues instead of circulating in blood

______ are leukocytes that function in both innate and adaptive immunity.

Agranulocytes

______ are abundant in the liver and have important roles in innate immune protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and even tumor cells.

Natural killer cells

The main purpose of counting immature neutrophils is to diagnose bacterial infections.

True

Which one of the following is not a function of inflammation?

It amplifies the complement cascade up to 10- to 100-folds.

Long-term use of steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs) leads to suppressed immunity because

SAIDs decrease the production of many pro-inflammatory factors.

Fever-inducing agents are called

Pyrogens

Select the true statement about fever.

It is an innate immune defense.

______ is a small amine molecule and potent inducer of vascular changes; it is said to be a vasoactive molecule.

Histamine

Which of the following is a feature of innate immunity?

It’s activated by defense molecules such as interleukins and cytokines.