Ch 11 micro

Chapter 11 Review — Exact Questions + Answers

1. Innate immunity is ______ ; adaptive immunity is ______ .

Nonspecific; specific

2. Innate immunity includes

The first- and second-line defenses

3. Patients who have decreased normal gut microbiota, due to antibiotic therapy, are at high risk for infections by unchecked pathogens.

True

4. ______ is a physiological process coordinated by the immune system to eliminate antigens.

An immune response

5. The three lines of immune defense do not include

Natural defenses

6. The main purpose of the first-line defenses is to

Prevent pathogen entry

7. Constant rinsing of saliva in the mouth limiting what microbes adhere to oral tissues, tears washing debris or pathogens from the eyes, and urine flushing microbes out of the body are some of the mechanisms of

The first-line defenses

8. The epithelial cells that are bound together into sheets that line every body cavity and body entrance, including the lining of the entire digestive tract, the outer layer of skin, and the airways, form

Physical barriers

9. The enzyme lysozyme, which is found in bodily secretions, acts as a chemical barrier by

Breaking down bacterial cell walls

10. ______ are proteins that act as chemical barriers by destroying a wide spectrum of viruses, parasites, bacteria, and fungi.

Antimicrobial peptides

11. Second-line defenses are categorized as cellular immunity.

True

12. T cell precursors are made in the ______ and then make their way to the thymus to mature into T cells, whereas B cells are made in the ______ and also mature there.

Bone marrow; bone marrow

13. An increase in leukocytes is called

Leukocytosis

14. A ______ is a rapid and inexpensive test that can be used to help with diagnosis. It determines if the number of leukocytes in a patient’s blood is not in the normal range.

Differential white blood cell count

15. ______ are the most numerous white blood cells in circulation.

Neutrophils

16. ______ are the scarcest of the white blood cells and are packed with histamine.

Basophils

17. Mast cells are not counted as a part of a differential white blood cell count and monitored for increases or decreases like other granulocytes because they are

Found in tissues instead of circulating in blood

18. ______ are leukocytes that function in both innate and adaptive immunity.

Agranulocytes

19. ______ are abundant in the liver and have important roles in innate immune protection against viruses, bacteria, parasites, and even tumor cells.

Natural killer cells

20. The main purpose of counting immature neutrophils is to diagnose bacterial infections.

True

21. Which one of the following is not a function of inflammation?

It amplifies the complement cascade up to 10- to 100-folds.

22. Long-term use of steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (SAIDs) leads to suppressed immunity and puts people at risk for infections because

SAIDs decrease the production of many pro-inflammatory factors such as cytokines, tissue mast cells, and a broader range of eicosanoids.

23. Fever-inducing agents are called

Pyrogens

24. Select the true statement about fever.

It is an innate immune defense.

25. ______ is a small amine molecule and potent inducer of vascular changes; as such, it is said to be a vasoactive molecule.

Histamine

26. Which of the following is a feature of innate immunity? Choose all that apply.

It’s activated by defense molecules such as interleukins and cytokines.

It’s activated by antigens.

It’s activated by inflammation and the complement system.