IBHoA: Mexican Revolution Terms

Mestizo

A person of mixed race, especially of a Spaniard and Native

Penninsular

Spanish War of Independenc 1808 - 14

Creole

A person of mixed European and African descent

Campesino

A peasant farmer

Vaqueros

A cowboy; a cattle driver

Cadillo

A military or political leader

Ejido

A piece of land farmed communally under a system supported by the state

Hacienda

A large estate or plantation

Hacendado

A owner of a hacienda

Latifundio

A great estate of Latin America or Spain

Tierra y Libertad

Slogan for Emiliano Zapata meaning "land and freedom."

Casa del Obrero Mundial

"House of the World Worker" was created during Madero's presidency. He made small labor reforms to appease the peasantry.

Cientificos

Diaz's advisors that believed that the native population was inferior and that they needed to rely on native white and foreigners' capital to solve Mexico's problems. It was led by Manuel Romero Rubio (Diaz's father).

Soldaderos & La China

Women soldiers who joined their lovers and husbands and fought along their side were commanded by a woman known as "La China."

Coup d'etat

Huerta came to power by this method and so US President Wilson refused to acknowledge this ascendency.

Peonage

A system under which a debtor was forced to work for a creditor until a debt was paid.

Agrarian Reform

Refers to government initiated or supported redistribution of agricultural land

Hegemony

Leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others

Red Battalions

Workers hired in the Mexican Revolution to fight against the Zapatistas and Pancho Villa's army. They were deployed by Carranza.

Plan of Ayala

Written by Emiliano Zapata in November 1911 in response to Madero's Plan de San Luis. It denounced Madero and calls for land reforms

Treaty of Cuidad Juarez

Signed on May 21st, 1911, this document is a treaty between Madero and Diaz. It stated that Diaz must resign by the end of May, the interim president will be Francisco Leon de la Barra, and amnesty is granted for all former revolutionaries.

Invasion of Veracruz

US President Wilson sent a fleet to the Gulf of Mexico when he found out that a German ship was delivering munitions (April 21st, 1914) and the US occupied Veracruz from April 27th, 1914 - November 23red, 1914. (Huerta's regime ends shortly after)

Convention of Aguascalientes

October 1914. Revolutionary leaders met at Aguascalientes. The plan of Ayala was endorsed, Carranza was called to resign, Villa was made commander in chief of the Conventionalist Army, and Carranza fled to Veracruz after he missed his resignation deadline.

Plan of Guadalupe

May 26th, 1913, written by Carranza, the Plan called for the overthrow of Huerta and the restoration of a constitutional government. Adiciones (1914) were made to win support of the peasants and workers. It included agrarian reforms and better working conditions for workers.

Constitution of 1917

Written during Carranza's reign. It included Articles 3 (Free, mandatory and secular education), 27 (Land Reforms) 34&35 (States the rights and requirements of a citizen), and 123 (Labor Reforms)

Law of Family Relations

set strict laws regarding marriage

Confederacion Regional Obrera Mexicana (CROM)

Created under Obregon in 1918. He believed that labor organization was important to stabilizing capitalist relations. CROM did little to improve working conditions.

Confederacion de Trabajodores Mexicanos (CTM)

For many years it was one of the pillars of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). It was founded under Cardenas in 1936.

Cristeros

1926-1929. It was a revolt against the government led by the Catholic Church after the 1917 Constitution was disavowed.

Bucareli Agreement

1923 - The agreement stated that Article 27 was not retroactive. This caused the US to recognize Obregon's presidency.

Mexican Liberal Party (PLM)

Peasant strikes increased on the eve of the 1910 presidential election. This organization was created by Ricardo Flores Magon. Its goal was "equality between sexes" and drew women to become activists, organizers, and propagandists.

National Revolutionary Party (PNR)

founded in 1929, that held power uninterruptedly in the country for 71 years from 1929 to 2000

Party of the Mexican Revolution (PRM)

The party took on basically a corporate structure, dividing itself into four sectors—popular, labor, agrarian, and military.

Ricardo Flores Magon

In 1905, he led a group of middle class intellectuals for the overthrow of Dias and created the Mexican Liberal Party.

Emiliano Zapata

Wrote the Plan of Ayala on Nov 28th, 1911 and primarily wanted land reform.

Pancho Villa

Wanted to protect the poor from the rich abusing their power, former outlaw, believed in unity was a way that Mexico could gain US recognition, and was assassinated in 1923.

General John Pershing

In early 1916, Villa raided Columbus, NM. President Wilson sent this person to find Villa. Carranza demanded that the US withdraw forces because it threatened sovereignty.

Luis Morones

Leader of the Confederacion Regional Obrera Mexicana (CROM)

Jose Vasconcelos

Secretary of education appointed by Obregon; implemented education reforms, especially in rural areas.

Gerado Murillo (Dr. Atl)

Artist; taught Rivera, Orzco, and Siqueiros

Diego Rivera

Born in Guanajuto, Mexico; created murals about the Mexico's country and people. Completed his murals at the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria in 1922

David Alfaro Siquerios

Painted murals; his work reflected his Marxist ideologies.

Jose Clemente Orozco

Painter whose works are often tragic.

Dwight Morrow

Ambassador to Mexico; helped mediate religious conflict during the Cristero Rebellion, and eased oil disputes.

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator of mexico for over 31 years, After He place Madero in prison, citizens began the revolution to over throw him

Dictatorship

Only one person holds all the power in the government

Caudillos

A spanish military leader

Mestizo

a man of mixed race, especially the offspring of a Spaniard and an American Indian.

Campesinos

A peasent farmer

Benito Juarez

A president of mexico, after defeating the spainards, he became president and put in place lots of liberal reforms

Ejidos

is an area of communal land used for agriculture, on which community members individually farm designated parcels and collectively maintain communal holdings.

Hacendados

the owner of a hacienda; A large amount of land, or estate

Zapatistas

Followers of Zapata, In the end a traitors, sent by carranza, killed Zapata.

Guardias Rurales

a force of mounted police or gendarmerie that existed between 1861 and 1914.

Francisco Madero

ran for the election of 1910 and when it was clear her was going to win Diaz

threw him in jail, when he became president he wanted democracy and agrarian reforms. Was killed during the ten tragic days.

The beginning of the Mexican revolution

Nov. 10, 1910

Emiliano Zapata

A rebel in the revolution, disliked Madero, Huerta, Carranza, was never in office, but stole land and redistributed land to poor people. Was killed by Carranza troops in the zapatistas

Plan de San luis Potosí

was a political document written in San Antonio, Texas, United States, and published in the Mexican city in 1910. The document ushered in the Mexican revolution and the collapse of the Presidency of Porfirio Díaz. It was written by Francisco Madero.

Victoriano Huerta

Mexican general and president (1913-14). He served under Porfirio Díaz. After the revolution of Francisco I. Madero (1911) he aided the new president, who, reluctantly, made him (1912) commander of the federal forces, He then lead a military coup to become president during the Ten tragic days, while killing madero.

Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson

ambassador to Mexico on December 21, 1909., Is said to have played a role in the ten tragic days as assisting Huerta to overthrow Madero.

Pancho villa's aims

Wanted land reforms, Wanted to get rid of Mexican dictatorships

Pancho villa's Methods

To get the land reforms Villa was a guerilla leader, helping anyone who had similar ideologies to himself, so that way he may get land reforms and a fair government

Pancho villa's Ideologies

Believed in helping the lower classes

Also believed in democracy (helpful to madero)

Francisco Madero's Aims

He wanted to create real democracy, Equality to the lower class

Francisco Madero's Ideologies

Believed the power should be in the hands of the common people

Land distribution should be done fairly

Believed in universal education

Francisco Madero's methods

Gave himself a new army

Tried to give the economy to the people

Emiliano Zapata's aims

Wanted land reforms and get rid of the haciendas system, Wanted to reform the social systems

Emiliano Zapata's Ideologies

Believed in getting land for the lower classes, Believed in all equality

Emiliano Zapata's methods

Aided madero is getting him into office, Seized land by force because the government was moving slow and favored the haciendas system

Venustiano Carranza's Aims

opposed US intervention, destroy Diaz's regime, agrarian reform

Venustiano Carranza's ideologies

political reform but no social reform, dissolve large estates and return land to indians

Venustiano Carranza's methods

New constitution

Obregon's challenges

Small uprisings

Building a war torn country back up

Obregon's impacts

impose relative peace and prosperity on his nation, which had gone through 10 years of savage civil war. He gave official sanction to organizations of laborers and peasants.

Plutarco Elías Calles Challenges

Preventing a military coup

Difficulties with the Catholic church

Plutarco Elías Calles impacts?

he sponsored agrarian, labour, and educational reforms, He approved legislation that restricted alien ownership of land and regulated the petroleum industry

the maximato

was a period between 1928 to 1934. named after Plutarco Elías Calles, who was known as the Jefe Máximo of the Mexican Revolution.

the maximato's challenges

increasingly became corrupt, Limited land reforms, and gave loans to peasants that they could not afford

the maximato's impacts

Left the government corrupt, Wealthy were able to purchase land

How were womens rights impacted?

Article 27 allowed women to hold land titles in their name, men are allowed to give land to their wives, This constitution also gave women the right to divorce their husbands and win custody battles

How was education impacted?

Carranza created the constitution of 1917 and in that constitution under article 3 everyone is allowed an education and it is mandatory people must go

What was David Siqueiro's impact?

his art significantly influenced the way Mexicans perceived themselves and their country. Wanted people to find their roots.

What was Jose Orozco impact?.

he drew the scenes from the battle fronts, create works that emphasize human suffering and the executions by firing squads, pillaging, and rape

What was Diego Rivera impact?

His war experiences in the revolution Made him believe that all art should be politically centered, and made his art on socialist ideals and modernist forms.

what did article 3 do?

It allowed everyone the right to go to school

What did article 27 do?

Gave women the right to own land, divorce their husband, and try for custody

what did article 123 do?

Gave workers right, 8 hour days, a day off once a week, and equality between men and women

Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR)

party of the national revolutionaries, on of 2 of the main political parties in mexico

Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)

Institutional Revolutionary Party the second of the main mexican political parties

Braceros

a Mexican laborer allowed into the US for a limited time as a seasonal agricultural worker.

Frida Kahlo

mexican painter and womens rights activist. She explored issues of gender, race, and socioeconomics.

Lazaro Cardena's Aims

Social and economic reforms

Lazaro Cardena's methods

By becoming president, and est. democratic principles