Exam 2 child psych

Stages of Birth

The three stages are Labor, Delivery, and Placental.

Labor Stage

The first stage of birth involving contractions and cervical dilation.

Delivery Stage

The second stage of birth where the baby is born.

Placental Stage

The third stage of birth where the placenta is expelled.

Apgar Score

A system used to assess a newborn’s health based on appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.

Preterm Birth

A birth that occurs before 37 weeks of gestation.

Low Birth Weight

When a baby weighs less than 5.5 pounds at birth.

Breech Birth

A birth in which the baby is positioned feet-first.

Anoxia

A condition characterized by a lack of oxygen at birth.

Reflexes

Automatic responses in infants such as rooting, grasping, and stepping.

Rooting Reflex

When a baby turns their head in response to touch on the cheek.

Grasping Reflex

When a baby grabs objects placed in their hand.

Moro Reflex

A startle reflex in response to sudden movements.

Neonates and Pain

Newborns can feel pain despite still developing their nervous system.

Postpartum Depression

A condition of sadness and fatigue after childbirth that can affect bonding with the baby.

Sensation and Perception in Infants

Infants can recognize sounds, prefer sweet tastes, and respond to tactile stimuli.

Growth During Infancy

Infants double their birthweight by 5 months and triple it by 1 year.

Neuron Anatomy

Neurons consist of dendrites (receive signals), axon (sends signals), soma (cell body), and synapse (connection point between neurons).

Synaptic Pruning

The process of eliminating unused synapses to enhance brain efficiency.

Cerebrum

The brain structure associated with thinking and memory.

Cerebellum

The brain structure that coordinates motor activities.

Limbic System

The region of the brain involved in emotions and memory.

Frontal Lobe

The area of the brain responsible for reasoning and planning.

Development in Romanian Orphanages

Early care deprivation linked to cognitive and emotional issues.

Gross Motor Development

The development of large muscles enabling movements such as sitting and walking.

Fine Motor Development

The control and skills involving small muscle movements.

Depth Perception

The ability to judge distances, developing around 6 months of age.

Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

A developmental phase where infants learn through sensory experiences and develop object permanence.

Piaget's Preoperational Stage

A stage where children use symbols but lack understanding of conservation and exhibit egocentric thinking.

Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage

A stage where children understand logic and conservation but struggle with abstract concepts.

Piaget's Formal Operational Stage

A stage where adolescents develop abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning.

Assimilation

Integrating new information into existing mental frameworks.

Accommodation

Modifying existing frameworks to incorporate new information.

Habituation

Decreased response to a repeated stimulus.

Dishabituation

Renewed response to a new stimulus after habituation.

Information Processing Approach

A perspective focusing on how children process and store information.

Joint Attention

A shared focus on an object that enhances social development.

Recognition vs. Recall

Recognition is identifying familiar things, while recall is retrieving information without cues.

Infant Temperament

The general demeanor of infants categorized as easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up.

Goodness of Fit

The compatibility between a child’s temperament and their environment.

Physical Changes in Toddlerhood

Characterized by slower growth and increased motor skills.

Growth in Developed Countries

Typically faster due to better nutrition and healthcare compared to developing countries.

Sleeping Patterns in Infancy vs. Toddlerhood

Infants need 16-18 hours of sleep; toddlers need 12-14 hours with longer time at night.

Vygotsky's ZPD

The Zone of Proximal Development, indicating tasks a child can complete with help.

Scaffolding

Support provided to help a child achieve tasks within their ZPD.

Broca's Area

The brain area responsible for producing speech.

Wernicke's Area

The brain area responsible for understanding language.

Emotional Self-Regulation

The ability to manage emotions based on social or environmental demands.