History Midterm

14th Amendment

The constitutionl Amendment guaranteed citzenship to anyone born in the United States, Black or White

Freedmen’s Bureau

This organization was established after the Civil War provide food, medicine, jobs, and education to African Americas, as well as some displaced Whites

Sharecropping

With this job, you won’t own the land, but if you work and harvest it, I’ll give you a share of the profits.

Plessy v. Ferguson

After Reconstruction ended, the Supreme Court okayed “separate but equal” in this 1896 case. Make way for Jim Crow laws.

Bargain of 1877

This gave Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency, but effectively ended federal Reconstruction after Republicans agreed to pull troops out of the South.

Laissez-faire economics

Hands-off! This economic policy favors limited government regulation.

 Progressives

Politicians who favored government intervention into industrial and business practices in order to protect consumers. 

Vertical Integration

An arrangement or strategy in which a corporation gains control of raw materials, the capacity to manufacture products, and the means to distribute them.

Credit

This method of purchasing became popular in the 1920s, but also led to a market crash.

Urbanization

The United States underwent a process of _____ when people left the country and started moving to cities, primarily to find factory jobs.

 Pull-factor

A reason a person is drawn to a new homeland–rather than a reason that makes them want to leave their old one–is known as a _____ factor.

Great Migration

Term to describe the millions of African Americans who left the rural South for Northern and Western cities.

Bessemer process

Railways, skyscrapers, farm tractors–none of these would have possible with this, which made steel production much cheaper and efficient.

Tenement Apartments

Starting in the late 19th century, millions of immigrants and job seekers rented these city dwellings. They were cheap, but also tiny, overcrowded, and often filthy. 

19th Amendment

Thanks to this Amendment women finally have the right to suffer, no wait, I mean they have the right to vote.

Conservationists

What a beautiful National Park! I guess I should thank this type of Progressive for preserving millions of acres of nature.

Child Labor Laws

This kind of progressive legislation dealt with who was allowed to work, or rather how old they were

FDA

This 3 letter organization was established in 1906 to ensure that food and medicine were safe for consumers. No more sawdust in my meat.

Trust-busting

A term that means to break-up a monopoly. Someone call Teddy Roosevelt, there’s a ghost… I mean monopoly in my closet!

Henry Ford

Love the Model-T? My company is still making cars to this day.

Gilded Age

This term, coined by Mark Twain, described the shiny exterior that covered the grim reality that many people experienced during this era that spanned the last quarter of the 19th century. Now also an HBO show!

Thomas Edison

Although other inventors paved the way, this man often gets credit for inventing the light bulb.

Andrew Carnegie

Author of the Gospel of Wealth, he believed it was the duty of the rich to give back to society.

Standard Oil

Name of the company of John D. Rockefeller, which at one point controlled 90% of its industry.

Mamie Till

She shocked the world when she had an open casket funeral after her son’s brutal lynching.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

You may not remember Claudette Colvin, but you’ll probably recall Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. leading this peaceful protest in Montgomery of 1955.

Little Rock Nine

This group of students tested Arkansas’s pledge to desegregate when they enrolled in Central High School in 1957

Black Codes

Before they became known as “Jim Crow” laws, these policies kept African Americans from equal participation in society.

Selma

In 1965, Civil Rights protesters marched from this city to the capital of Montgomery to demand voting access. They didn’t make it far before Alabama troopers beat them back with batons and tear gas.

Jacob Riis

This photographer captured the gritty side of the Gilded Age with his pictures of the urban poor, which he published in a book titled, *How the Other Half Lives*.

Louis Armstrong

Nicknamed "Satchmo" or "Satch", this trumpeter and vocalist began his legendary Jazz career in the 1920s.

Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)

This New Deal organization monitors the stock market and protects against manipulation to ensure that catastrophes, like the Wall Street Crash of 1929, don’t occur.

unemployment

Although GDP, wages, and profits were low, this economic figure remained high throughout the Great Depression.

Hoovervilles

Communities of hastily constructed shacks were given this nickname, meant to mock the 31st President.

 Bank Deposits

Following a series of bank failures, in 1933, the FDIC was created to insure these–up to $250,000 worth.

Harlem Renaissance

Known as the “New Negro Movement" at the time, we now refer to it by this name, having brought us jazz, dance, poetry, and fashion.

Ida Tarbell

She took aim at John D. Rockefeller when she published her exposé, *The History of the Standard Oil Company*.

Ida B. Wells

This Chicago based journalist and founding member of the NAACP brought attention to the hundreds of lynchings that happened in the late 19th and early 20th century.

Jungle

Written by Upton Sinclair and published in 1906, this novel detailed the gross conditions of America’s meat packing industry.

Speakeasy

You won’t find beer in your local grocery during the 1920s, but you might be able to grab a drink if you stop by one of these joints. 

Jobs

The New Deal created the Works Progress Administration, later renamed the Work Projects Administration, or WPA to provide unemployed Americans with these.

Prohibition

To bring in tax revenue, as well as let broke American’s take the edge off their stressful lives, congress ended this progressive era policy in 1933.

Dust Bowl

The common name for this ecological disaster explains why the decade is sometimes referred to as the “dirty thirties.”

Social Security

This New Deal program provided a safety net to retirees. Today it is the largest government expenditure. 

Flappers

These women were about more than just short hair and tasseled dresses, they wanted a judgment-free social life as well.

Muckrakers

Although Teddy Roosevelt had mixed feelings about them, these journalists exposed corporate corruption and workplace hazards.

Bootleggers

Smugglers of illegal booze.

Franklin Roosevelt

This President pledged "a new deal for the American people."

 Stock Market Crash

Although it didn’t necessarily cause the Great Depression, this major event on Tuesday, October 29, 1929, certainly contributed.

Gilded Age

a period of economic growth as the United States jumped to the lead in industrialization ahead of Britain.(1870s)

Progressive era

an era of intense social and political reform aimed at making progress toward a better society. (1890s to the 1920s)

Civil rights movement

1919-1960s

Roaring 20’s

a period in American history of dramatic social, economic and political change. Jazz & movies. (1920 – 1929)

Great Depression

the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939

Brimingham Campaign(1963)

A civil rights movement that included sit-ins and boycotts

Bloody Sunday (1965)

A march from Selma to Montgomery where a rally would be held on the steps of the state capitol and where movement leaders intended to meet with Gov. George Wallace. The protesters where shot with hoses.

Brown v Board of Education(1954)

A unanimous Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and declared that segregation in public schools was illegal. It was difficult to implement, as there was much resistance throughout the South.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corp (FDIC)

A federally chartered organization was established in 1933 with the purpose of insuring the return of a depositor's money (up to $100,000) in case his bank fails.

Freedom Rides

a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961

Haymarket Square Riot

A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people and injuring over a hundred.

Horizontal Integration

Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level

Labor Unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions.

Little Rock Nine

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

March on Washington D.C. (1963)

Aug 1963: intended to put pressure of fed. gov to pass civil rights legislature. Lyndon passes civil rights bill as result. Dr. Martin Luther King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech.

National Child Labor Committee

a progressive organization formed in 1904 to promote laws restricting or banning child labor

National Industrial Recovery Act

permitted all workers to join unions of their choice, bargain for wage increases and benefits, and workers can to go on strike.

National Parks Service

recreation and conservation

Pure Food & Drug Act

Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling

Push Factor

a factor that induces people to leave old residences

Reconstruction Act

an 1867 law that threw out the southern state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment

Rockafeller, John D.

He controlled 90% of oil refineries by 1879

Shantytown

a neighborhood in which people live in makeshift shacks

August Spies

He was one of the organizers of the protest at Haymarket on May 4, 1886. When a bomb was thrown into the crowd and killed seven police officers, he was tried, convicted, and hanged for murder.

Voting Rights Act

law that banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration