History H: Topic 5 (only Rome)

Etruscans

When the Romans settled between (also Greece) who they got the Etruscan alphabet from, engineering, and some gods from

Republic

A government in which people choose their elected officials

Patricians

Landholding upper class whom the entire Senate was made of

Plebians

Farmers, merchants, and artisans who had little influence (95% of people)

Consuls

32 people from patrician class to supervise government command armies, could only serve 1 term, had to approve other consuls’ decisions, and had to consult with the Senate

Dictator

Ruler who had complete power over government to rule for 6 months to check government power

12 Tables of Rome

First codified legal code of ancient Rome, NOT 12 rules

_____ Mountains (less rugged), broad fertile plains, ______ Sea to East, ______ Sea to southeast, ______ Sea to South, and ______ Sea to West helped _____ Rome more than Greece.

Apennine, Adriatic, Ionian, Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian

The Earliest settlers (Latins) migrated into Italy in 800 and settled along ____ River in small villages around ___ hills that became Rome, the “city on ____ hills”

Tiber, 7, seven

Tribunes

Plebians could elect these officials to speak on their behalf and they could veto laws that would hurt plebians

How did the Roman Republic influence the U.S. government?

Plebians could elect tribunes to speak on their behalf and tribunes could veto laws that might hurt plebians which is like when we elect representatives for our states (governors/mayors) to vote on laws for the country/town/state

Roman religion helped shape society because people held ____, ______, and celebrations to honor God's and win their favors, and ____ were sites of rituals/worship.

feasts, festivals. Temples

Roman women could eventually ____ _____, run ______, work at home, go out in _____ with their husbands.

own property, businesses, society

Conquered peoples by the Romans had to accept ______ _____, pay _____, and supply soldiers for the army in order to keep their own _____ and _______.

Roman leadership, taxes, culture, government

Rome conquered the _____ (North), later the ______ (South), and most of _____ by 270.

Etruscans, Greeks, Italy

Rome often _____ or ______ those they defeated, but would be kinder if the enemy ______.

killed, enslaves, surrendered

Legion

Basic military unit of 5000 men (the key to Rome’s success)

Rome posted ______ throughout lands to protect territory and built impressive _____ _______ to link distant areas to Rome.

soldiers, road network

Local people began to _____ Roman _____ and customs, helping to _____ the area under Roman rule.

adopt, language, customs

Punic Wars

3 wars fought with Carthage because of conflict for trying to conquered the Italian Peninsula, Rome destroys Carthage (survivors are killed/enslaved and land is salted so nothing can grow there again)

Imperialism

A policy of establishing control over foreign lands and people

Julius Caesar conquered ____ (modern day France and Belgium) from 58-49.

Gual

All years are in ______ in this Knowt.

B.C.E.

Civil War

Caesar and Pompey had a Civil War when Caesar crushed Pompey

Julius forced the _____ to name him ______.

Senate, Dictator

Reform Programs

Created by Julius that employed jobless, gave land to poor, reorganized government, gave citizenship to more people, introduced new calendar (based on Egyptian) called the Julian calendar

How did Julius die?

His enemies felt he was trying to become a king and stabbed him to death

Julius’s death resulted in further ____ _____ and _____ defeated Mark Antony (Julius’s chief general) to gain control.

Civil War, Octavian

The Senate gave Octavian the title of ____ (“Exalted One”)

Augustus

Augustus would not call himself a king, but still had _____ power, he became the first _____ of the new Roman Empire, and he made _____ and _____ reforms to stabilize Rome after Civil War.

absolute, Emperor, political economic

Augustus made the _____ _____ ______ (most talented men could have high-level jobs, not just upper class), cities and provinces were allowed to ___-____, he created a ______ so taxes would be more fair, he created a _____ _____, issued _____, and created jobs for the ______.

Civil Service System, self-govern,census, postal service, coins, jobs

Rome used _____ to conquer lands, launched _____ against rulers who took over from Alexander so Greek city-states _____ to Roman control again (____ surrendered and allied with Rome).

imperialism, attacks, fell, Egypt

By 133, Rome controls the entire ______.

Meditteranean

Impacts of conquest include increase in _____ causes new wealthy class, ______, more ______, more conquered areas = more _____, small farmers went into _____and had to sell land but flocked to ______ (Rome) for work, increasing _____ from unemployed due to gap between rich and poor, attempts at reform ______.

trade, latifundia, greed, slaves, debt, cities, unrest, failed

Educated slaves could be _____, but most led ______ lives.

tutors, brutal

Latifundia

Wealthy class of Romans that had huge farming estates with mansions

_____ and ______ emerged as leaders out of the chaos of questions about if Rome should be led by the _____ or a leader, slave _______, and competing Generas using their army units against ____ ______ when competing for control/power.

Julius, Pompey, Senate, uprisings, one another

Augustus laid the foundation for the _____ _____ through all of his political and economic reforms and his strong ______.

Pax Romana, leadership

Pax Romana

Golden Age of Greece when “Bread and Circuses” (distract people with food and entertainment away from government) happened

Diocletian

An Emperor who tried to restore order after burdens burst out of the “Bread and Circuses’

Diocletian decided to split the Roman Empire in half to try to end _____ _______ while keeping the wealthier half to _____ and giving the other half to ______.

economic issues, himself, Maximan

Constantine

Came to power to continue Diocletian’s reforms, granted religious freedom to Christians, set up Constantinople, made eastern half of Rome center of power

Constantinople

The new capital of Rome set up by Constantine which was the “New Rome” that made eastern half of Roman Empire the center of power

Factors that Led to the Fall of the Roman Empire where the ______ (nomadic Germans) ____ from the north; Rome abandoned _____, _____ and ______; the ____ and Vandals (Germanic peoples) took over Spain and North Africa and attacked Rome; the _____ conquered most of Europe and a Germanic leader finally ____ the Emperor in Rome.

Huns, invaded, France, Britain, Spain, Visigoths, Huns, defeated

When was the “Fall of Rome”?

476 A.D.

Colosseum

Gladiator fights took place here for entertainment

Gladiators

Trained fighters who fought to the death in places like the Colosseum who people watched

What is the Colosseum similar to today?

Sports’ stadiums like the Highmark stadium

What are Gladiators similar to today?

Boxing/wrestling like WWE Championships

Aqueducts

Channels that carried water into Roman cities from the mountains

What are Aqueducts similar to today?

Plumbing like PVC sink pipes

Roman Roads

A large network of roads built by the military so Rome’s armies could travel throughout the empire effectively

What are Roman Roads similar to today?

Highways like the National Highway System (NHS)

Roman Baths

The public baths were a place where people could relax

What are Roman baths similar to today?

swimming pools like ones at the YMCA

Latin

The official language of Ancient Rome spoken throughout the Empire. The “romance languages” developed out of Latin

What is Latin similar to today?

The basis of organism terminology like Aves (Latin) = birds (English)

Roman Numerals

Numerals used in Rome to help keep track of money, goods, time and people

What are Roman Numerals similar to today?

Today’s numbers like II = 2 (today)

Branches of Government

The government was divided into branches: magistrates, consoles, the Senate, Assemblies, and judges

What are the Branches of Government similar to today?

The U.S. has a government with branches like the Judicial Branch

Twelve Tables

A list of public laws that were displayed for people to know their rights (12 codified laws)

What are the 12 Tables similar to today?

The U.S’s codified law system like the Constitution

Roman Forum

Used as an area for temples and public buidlings

What is the Roman Forum similar to today?

Plazas or malls like the Niagara Falls Outline Mall

Mythology

The Romans were polytheists and had temples to worship their gods

What is mythology similar to today?

Our places of worship like chapels (Church)

Christianity

The belief in Jesus that people were originally persecuted for

What is Christianity similar to today?

We still have it today and the different Christian branches are similar to those in the past

Jesus

The son of God who preached about God and eventually created a following that led to Christianity being created

Jesus was born around ____ B.C.

4

Jesus was born near _____ in _______.

Jerusalem, Bethlehem

According the the Bible, Jesus was a descendent of ___ ____ of Israel, born to Mary as the _____ (anointed king sent by God to lead Jews to freedom and eternal life).

King David, Messiah

Jesus grew up in _____ as a _____.

Nazareth, carpenter

At ___ years, Jesus began preaching.

30

Jesus often taught in ______.

parables

Disciples

Close followers of Jesus

Apostles

Specifically the 12 chosen disciples of Jesus

Apostle is Greek for

“a person sent forth”

Messiah

Anointed king sent by God to lead the Jews to freedom

Paul

Jew from the Asia Minor who used to persecute Christians but converted to Christianity, founded Churches and wrote numerous letters to Christian communities to guide their faith (letters are in the New Testament now)

_____ and _____ were martyred under Emperor Nero.

Peter, Paul

Martyrs

People who suffer and die for their beliefs

Clergy

People who conduct religious services

Patriarch

The archbishop of a most important city (Rome, Antioch, Alexandria, Jerusalem)

Areas in Rome _____ Roman polytheism with their own beliefs because Rome _____ various religious beliefs.

blended, tolerated

Jews were _____ from worshipping Roman gods because they are ______.

excused, polytheistic

There was a division among Roman Jews where some felt it was ______ to adopt Roman customs/ideas but others that were more _____ felt this weakened their religion. In 66 A.D. ___ Jews revolted and the Romans destroyed the _____ and captured ______.

fine, conservative, conservative, Temple, Jerusalem

After conservative Jews rebelled against, what happened?

Rome destroyed the whole city of Jerusalem

What was the result of Rome destroying the whole city of Jerusalem?

Many Jews fled for other areas of the Mediterranean and Judaism still survived because Rabbis and teachers preserved Jewish law/customs over time

Jesus taught ____ and ____ for wrongdoers, _____ for the helpless, and ____ to others.

love, mercy, sympathy, service

True or False: Roman authorities thought Jesus was a threat for “encouraging masses to resist Roman rule.”

True

Jesus ______ he would return to bring ______ to the Earth.

prophesied, salvation

The apostles/disciples that accepted Jesus’s teachings became the first _____ and spread his _____.

Christians, message

Paul ____ _____ in Turkey and Greece.

founded Churches

During paul’s time, Christians continued to be _______ under Roman Emperors that accused them of _____ towards Rome and were blamed for _____/_____ problems.

persecuted, disloyalty, social/economic

When and how did persecution of Christians end?

Emperor Constantine granted religious freedom throughout Rome and Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of Rome and suppressed other faiths. Christianity became a powerful Roman force.

In the first centuries, the Christian Church developed a ____ _____ with _____ and it was modeled after Rome’s ______ structure.

formal structure, clergy, government

Early Church hierarchy

1. Patriarchs

2. Cardinal (today only)

3. Archbishops

4. Bishops

5. Priests

6. Laity

_____ headed a diocese.

Bishops