Chapter 19 - Organic Chemistry

Stereoisomers

________ are identified by writing cis- or trans- before the number ex.

E

________ (trans) isomer: methyl group and chain after the double bond are on opposite sides of the structure.

Z

________ (cis) isomer: methyl group and chain after the double bond are on the same side of the structure.

Ethanol

________: formed from fermentation of sugar from vegetable sources; added to gasoline to promote complete combustion and reduce air pollution.

chains

Branched ________ have lower densities and weaker intermolecular forces, causing them to be deormable and softer.

Methanol

________: widely used industrial organic chemical, starting material in preparation of organic compounds used to make polymers.

Structural

________ (constitutional) isomers: compounds with same molecular formula but atoms connected in different bonding patterns.

Kekule strucutres

________: structures of organic molecules that show all bonds with lines but omit any lone pairs.

OH chains

________ make surface polar and resistant to organic solvents.

Alkynes

________: hydrocarbons with one or more carbon- carbon triple bonds.

Hydrogenation

________: alkenes and alkynes combine with H2 to form alkanes; each degree of unsaturation requires one H2 ex.

Alkenes

________: hydrocarbons with one or more carbon- carbon double bonds.

Capacity

________ to be reduced allows alkenes and alkynes to be more reactive than alkanes; among the most versatile functional groups in organic chemistry.

Homopolymer

________: composed of one type of monomer.

Heteroatoms

________: atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or metals present in organic compounds.

Electron density

________ is greatest around the bonding axis, making pi electrons more accessible to reactions than the sigma bonds between carbon atoms, explaining why unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive.

Boat conformation

________: higher- energy transition- state configurations (repulsion between the two hydrogen atoms across the ring from each other adds to internal energy and reduces stability) required to flip between chair conformations.

Carbon atoms

________ in chain are numbered so the first carbon in the double /tripple bond has the lowest number possible and it precedes the name with a hyphen.

Calcoalkanes

________: alkanes formed in a ring structure, general formula of CnH2n.

Tertiary amine

________: three hydrogens in NH3 replaced with an R group, R3N.

Alkanes

________: hydrocarbons whose molecules contain only single bonds.

Branch

________: side chain attached to the longest chain.

Chair form

________: two possible configurations of cyclohexane with greatest structural stability; cyclohexane spends 99 % of its time in one ________ or the other.

Axial position

________: hydrogen atoms above and below the carbon ring.

Hydrocarbons

________: compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Primary amine

________: one hydrogen in NH3 replaced with an R group, RNH2.

Chain Isomers

________: molecules having different arrangements of their carbon skeletons.

Amines

________: nitrogen is the defining component of functional group, organic base.

Equatorial position

________: hydrogen atoms more parallel to the ring.

maximum ratio of hydrogen

Saturated hydrocarbons: ________ to carbon atoms.

Secondary amine

________: two hydrogens in NH3 replaced with an R group, R2NH.

hydrocarbons

compounds composed only of carbon and hydrogen atoms

alkanes

hydrocarbons whose molecules contain only single bonds

saturated hydrocarbons

maximum ratio of hydrogen to carbon atoms

unsaturated hydrocarbons

lower hydrogen-carbon ratios

kekule strucutres

structures of organic molecules that show all bonds with lines but omit any lone pairs

carbon-skeleton structure

no letters used for carbon and hydrogen, each line segment represents one carbon-carbon bond with 109.5°

Each end of the zigzag line is a -CH3 and every intersection of two line segments is a -CH2

group

homologous series

series of compounds win which members can be described by a general formula and similar chemical properties

linear straight-chain hydrocarbons

general formula of CnH2n+2

methyl group

-CH3 unit

branch

side chain attached to the longest chain

structural (constitutional) isomers

compounds with same molecular formula but atoms connected in different bonding patterns

Calcoalkanes

alkanes formed in a ring structure, general formula of CnH2n

chair form

two possible configurations of cyclohexane with greatest structural stability; cyclohexane spends 99% of its time in one chair form or the other

boat conformation

higher-energy transition-state configurations (repulsion between the two hydrogen atoms across the ring from each other adds to internal energy and reduces stability) required to flip between chair conformations

axial position

hydrogen atoms above and below the carbon ring

equatorial position

hydrogen atoms more parallel to the ring

alkenes

hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

alkynes

hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds

hydrogenation

alkenes and alkynes combine with H2 to form alkanes; each degree of unsaturation requires one H2 ex

Z (cis) isomer

methyl group and chain after the double bond are on the same side of the structure

E (trans) isomer

methyl group and chain after the double bond are on opposite sides of the structure

Homopolymer

composed of one type of monomer

Addition polymer

a polymer constructed by adding many molecules together to form the polymer chain

Amines

nitrogen is the defining component of functional group, organic base

Primary amine

one hydrogen in NH3 replaced with an R group, RNH2

Secondary amine

two hydrogens in NH3 replaced with an R group, R2NH

Tertiary amine

three hydrogens in NH3 replaced with an R group, R3N

Heteroatoms

atoms other than carbon, hydrogen or metals present in organic compounds

Alcohols

general formula of R-OH where R is any alkyl group

Methanol

widely used industrial organic chemical, starting material in preparation of organic compounds used to make polymers

Ethanol

formed from fermentation of sugar from vegetable sources; added to gasoline to promote complete combustion and reduce air pollution

Ethers

general formula of R-O-R where R is any alkyl group or aromatic ring

polar molecules with water solubilities comparable to alcohols of similar molar mass but lower boiling points

more similar to alkanes of similar molar mass

Copolymer

two different monomers

Heteropolymer

three or more different monomers

Chain Isomers

molecules having different arrangements of their carbon skeletons

Positional isomers

same functional group (-OH group) bonded to different carbon atoms

Functional Isomers

different functional groups because of atom arrangement