Studied by 8 people
Memory
the persistence of learning overtime through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
Recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
Relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of saved when learning material again
Encoding
the processing of information into the memory system
Storage
the process of retaining information over time
Retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
Parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
Sensory memory
immediate, brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short-term memory
active memory that holds a few items briefly
Long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming audition, visual, spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
Explicit memories
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
Effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
Automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
Implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
Iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli ; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimulus=; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
Chunking
organization of items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Spacing effect
encoding is more effective when it is spread over time
Testing effect
retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced effect (encoding is very affective)
Shallow processing
encodes on a very basic level (word’s letters) ir a more intermediate level (word’s sound)
Deep processing
encodes semantically based on word meaning
Hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
Memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
Flashbulb memory
not free from errors; unique and highly emotional moment nay give rise to a clear, strong, and persistent memory
Long-term potentiation
an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid, stimulation
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
Encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
Mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experience that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
Serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
Anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
Retrograde amnesia
inability to access old memories
Proactive interference
occurs when older memory makes it more difficult to remember new information
Retroactive interference
occurs when new learning disrupts memory for older information
Repression
a defense mechanism tha6 banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Reconsolidation
the neurobiological stabilization of a consolidated memory
Misinformation effect
occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information
Source amnesia
involves faulty memory for how, when or where information was learned or imagined
Deja vu
is sense that “I’ve experienced this before”
Note 
Flashcard (50)