the persistence of learning overtime through encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
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Recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
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Recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
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Relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of saved when learning material again
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Encoding
the processing of information into the memory system
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Storage
the process of retaining information over time
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Retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
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Parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
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Sensory memory
immediate, brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
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Short-term memory
active memory that holds a few items briefly
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Long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
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Working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming audition, visual, spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
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Explicit memories
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
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Effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
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Automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
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Implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
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Iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli ; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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Echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimulus=; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
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Chunking
organization of items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
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Mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
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Spacing effect
encoding is more effective when it is spread over time
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Testing effect
retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced effect (encoding is very affective)
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Shallow processing
encodes on a very basic level (word’s letters) ir a more intermediate level (word’s sound)
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Deep processing
encodes semantically based on word meaning
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Hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
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Memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
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Flashbulb memory
not free from errors; unique and highly emotional moment nay give rise to a clear, strong, and persistent memory
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Long-term potentiation
an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid, stimulation
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Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
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Encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
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Mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experience that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
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Serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
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Anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
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Retrograde amnesia
inability to access old memories
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Proactive interference
occurs when older memory makes it more difficult to remember new information
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Retroactive interference
occurs when new learning disrupts memory for older information
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Repression
a defense mechanism tha6 banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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Reconsolidation
the neurobiological stabilization of a consolidated memory
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Misinformation effect
occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information
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Source amnesia
involves faulty memory for how, when or where information was learned or imagined
Studied by 12 people
Note 
Flashcard (25)