Exam 2 quiz 3

nematoda general characteristics

there are around 80,000 species 75% are free living and 18,000 are parasitic and are seperate sexes (dioecious, but few species are hermaphroditic) some species have sexual dimorphism.

nematoda morphology

they are bilaterally symmetrical that have elongated and tapered ends. they have a pseudoceol (fluid filled body cavity) that is not lined by peritoneum that functions as a hydrostatic skeleton. with cell consistancy (eutely) and they have a longitudinal muscle that runs through the body with a one way gut and anus and a muscular esophogus 1mm to 8-9m. they posses an outer cuticle that covers the body

how do nematodes grow

by molting (ecdysis) they molt their cuticle 4x to adulthood. by keeping their 4th cuticle it helps them resis environmental stress

hookworms order strongylida aka geohelminths distribution

tropical and subtropical warm, moist, and humid environments inflecting over a billion people

hookworm general morphology

males have a copulatory bursa on their posterior end. They have a muscular esophagus for sucking blood. Along with a buccal capsule with cutting plates. Their posterior end is curved giving them a hooklike shape

hookworm life cycle

an egg passes with feces and J1 hatches and molts into J2 in the soil. Then J3 lives in the top of the soil and penetrates the hosts skin. It enters the circulatory system heading from the heart to lungs to cough out of the glottis and swallowed into the intestine where it will molt to J4 the adult form.

Necator americanus distribution

they have a cosmopolitan distribution and are found in southern U.S., africa, india china, SE asia, and parts of south america. It is responsible for 95% of hookworm infections in the U. S.

necator americanus morphology

the males ate 5-9mm with females being between 9-11mm. The females produce 5,000-10,000 eggs per day, and can live from 3-5 years. Adults have dorsal and ventral cutting plates. In males the spicules of copulatory bursae (reproductive organ used to open the vulva) are fused together

ancylostoma duodenale distribution

they are found in regions of europe, northern africa, india, china, and southern asia

ancylostoma duodenale morphology

males are 8-11mm and females are 10-13mm. The females produce around 10,000-30,000 eggs per day, but only live for 1 year. Adults posses 2 ventral cutting plates with 2 ventral teeth. Their spicules on male copulatory bursae are not fused.

hookworm pathology

an infection does not equal disease, most infections are asymptomatic and depend on worm intensity, species, and the nutrition state of the host

hookworm intensity

<25 = little pathology

25-100 = light pathology

100-500 = moderate pathology

500-1,000 = serve pathology

>1000 = can be fatal

both hookworms ancylostoma duodenal and necator americanus secrete

anticoagulant which prevents blood from clotting

Blood loss per worm is 0.03ml for

necator americanus

Blood loss per worm is 0.26ml for

Ancylostoma duodenale

ancylostoma kills _____ people annually

65,000

why does the nutritional state of a host matter

hookworm disease is intensified by malnutrition

what are some signs of hookworms

at site of penetration there may be a legion that is itchy (ground itch), there can be inflamation of pulmonary tissues causing chest pain, after swallowing juveniles the throat may be sore, loss of appetite with abdominal pain, geography, and anemia

geophagy is

the want to eat soil

hookworm epidemiology

the use of human feces in fertilizers/poor sanitation, they faver wet, moist, well drained soils. White people are 10x more susceptible than black people

How do you kill juvenile hookworms

by either freezing them or putting them in direct sunlight

why are 35% of individuals in alabama infected with hookworms

due to the lack of sewage infrastructure the sewage draines into ditches and when it floods whatever feces and eggs there easily spread

Hookworm treatment

a single dose of mebendazole is used, if theyre resistant of that albendozole is used, as well as dietary supplements

hookworm control

sanitary disposal of waste, and wearing shoes and gloves while touching soil

cutaneous larval migrans aka creeping eruption is

when juvenile hookworms of other species infect the skin of humans. They penetrate the epidermus, but cant reach the intestine so they wander under the skin. Wandering leaves behind an itchy trail. They may wander several weeks to months. And topical ointments are used to treat it.

ascaridida large intestinal roundworm general morphology

they have 3 lips, stout, and are large some are even longer than 45cm, and the adults live in the intestine

ascaris lumbricoides causes ______ in humans

ascariasis

ascaris lumbricoides distribution

it is cosmopolitain in asia, south america, and africa. The original parasite may have been from pigs (a. suum). about 800 mil to 1.2 billion mostly children are infected with around >60,000 annual deaths

ascaris lumbricoides morphology

they have 3 prominent lips. Males are 15-31cm and females are 20-49cm with a curve at the end. The uterus has 27 mil eggs with 200,000 laid per day

ascaris lumbricoides egg morphology

fertilized eggs are oval and have a think lumpy outer shell. This shell layer is made of lipids and proteins. These eggs are resistant to 2% formalin, chlorinated water, and 50% solutions of hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and sulfuric acid. The eggs are long lived and can live up to 10yrs in soil

ascaris lumbricoides life cycle

The egg passes with feces and enters the first juvenile stage and molts till the J3 stage that is then ingested by the host. The egg hatches in small intestine, then the juvenile penetrates the intestinal wall and enters the venules of hepatic portal system. Molts into J4 in the lungs they penetrate alveoli and migrate into the bronchiole into the trachea then the esophagus and settles into the small intestine to mate and produce eggs

ascaris lumbricoides epidemiology

the infection comes from contaminated soil, fruits, and vegetables. Areas infected cause perpetuate infections because eggs live 10yrs. Feces as fertilizer increases transmission. Wind and cockroaches and dollar bills can carry and spread eggs

ascaris lumbricoides pathology

it is little with intestinal infections, adults can suck liquid intestinal contents and even blood. Inflammatory responses occur when juveniles wander and get lost in major organs (liver, speen, brain) hemoraging occurs where juveniles break out of air spaces pools off blood form and clog air spaces

ascaris lumbricoides upstream wandering

they go up the digestive system into the trachea and then are vomitted and host may die from suffocation. Some crawl out the nose and middl ear.

ascaris lumbricoides downstream wandering

this leads to the appendix which can be penetrated or clogged. It can also lead to the anus

ascaris lumbricoides diagnosis and treatment

in the feces. Mebendazole because it binds the tubulin in worms body wall muscles

toxocara canis dog intestinal roundworm distributions

it is cosmopolitan and has a high prevalence of 98% in puppies and 20% in adults

toxocara canis dog intestinal roundworm life cycle

males are 4-5cm while females are 7-15cm. They live in the small intestine of canids. Develop to J3 in egg (infective stage)

Toxocara canis in young puppies with no prior infection

worms will migrate through the hepatic portal system, to the lungs, and will then go back to the small intestine.

toxocara canis in pregnant dogs

juveniles may be activated and complete the migration from lungs to intestine. And the puppies have a chance of being born with toxocara canis

toxocara canis in older dogs with prior infection

do not go through lung migration so they wander through the body and then go into developmental arrest since they dont reach the small intestine

if dogs eat a rodent with a dormant toxocara canis what happens

migration is then completed in a young dog or becomes dormant in an older dog

what is visceral larval migrans

when a nematode, typically toxocara canis enters the wrong host and then goes through a wandering phase through body tissues

where do most visceral larval migrans end up

typically in the liver or brain, but all organs are susceptible. The juveniles end up capsulated as granulomas in fiberus tissue (this does not occur in the brain)

toxocara canis symptoms

typically include a fever and neurological symptoms

how to treat toxocara canis

mebendazole, but the whole house needs to be de wormed and properly sanitized

whipworm trichuris trichiura distrabution

cosmopolitan and infects 800 million people. In the U.S. it has a 25% prevalence, but is typically between 1-2%

whipworm trichuris trichiura morphology

they hold a whip like shape with the anterior as the handle and posterior is the body of the whip. Males are smaller than females that lay 3,000-20,000 eggs per day

Whipworm trichuris trichiura direct life cycle

eggs are deposited with host feces and develop (embryonation) for 21 days in shady soil. These eggs become ingested in the L3 stage and the eggs penetrate intestinal cells and epitheleum. The worms typically infect the apendix, lower ileum, and rectum (lower part of intestine). When females reach maturity and are filled with eggs, the posterior region breaks out of the epithelium, leaving the anterior region embedded in intestinal mucosa. And then live around 4 years

Trichuris trichiura pathology

the adults feed on blood and cell contents causing anemia and hemorrhaging. If you have <100 worms you are typically asymptomatic, 200-1000 worms may cause dysentary and anemia with reduced growth, in heavy infections the host may have a prolapsed rectum

Trichuris trichiura epidemiology

occurs with poor sanitation and feces as fertilizer. The best conditions for them are in worm environments with rain and soil that retains moisture

trichuris trichiura diagnosis and treatment

their eggs are lemon shapped with opercular plugs at each end and mebendazol is used

trichinosis trichinella spiralis typically

is a 2 host parasite infecting carnivores such as pigs, rodents, bears, humans as well, but they are a dead end and it is a zoonotic disease

trichinella spiralis distribution

it originated in the artic but has spread globally and is sylvatic and domestic. The US was shipping infected meat to europe

trichinella spiralis morphology

they are small with females around 3mm which is larger than males that are only around 1.5mm

trichinella spiralis has a unique life cycle

they have the same intermediate and final host and the larval stage occurs in the muscle cell, while the adult stage takes place in the intestinal epithelium. The female gives birth to thousands of juvaniles (they have live birth). They then migrate to the hepatic portal system and penetrate muscle fibers. They take control of muscle cells by altering their gene expression.

How can trichinella spiralis change muscle cells to form the parasite-nurse complex

By altering gene expression. Microfibers are lost, smooth er, collagen increase, and the mitochondrias functions decline. Cell sizes increase and stop growing, they can live months to years infective to the next host and the cell becomes calcified This allows the parasite to redirect blood flow to tiny blood vessels around the cell supporting the parasite

trichinella spiralis pathology

they have vauge symptoms, but death is attributed to heart failure

trichinella spiralis epidemiology

it is a zoonotic disease that has a domestic and sylvatic life cycle. Humans get it from eating pork. It is diagnosed from a tissue biopsy and there is no treatment available

Pinworms enterobius vermicularis distribution

cosmopolitan with over 400 million infections, this is a common parasite in the U.S., and isnt pathogenic doesnt cause disease

Pinworms enterobius vermicularis morphology

females are twice as long as males at 8-13mm long and males at 1-4mm long. The posterior end for females is sharp (pin-like) and for males it is curved

enterobius vermicularis life cycle

they have a one host life cycle, and are found in the lower intestine. At night the females migrate to the perianal skin leave a trail of 5,000-16,000 eggs, and then die. Eggs in J3 are swallowed then hatch in the small intestine where they molt into adults and the host may be reinfected by retroinfection

enterobius vermicularis pathology

1 in 3 infections are asymptomatic. The movement at night causes a tickling and itchy sensation that can lead to a bacterial infection. The worms can also wanter to the uterus and vulva. This is common in kids and they lose their apitite, wet the bed, become restless, and have nightmares

enterobius vermicularis epidemiology

everything becomes contaminated. Walls, carpets, clothes, etc. The eggs can be carried by air, and the entire home must be sanitized

enterobius vermicularis diagnosis and treatment

eggs or worms on perianal skin. Examinations should be done in the early morning or at night. Tape can also collect worms. Mebendazole and albendazole can be used, and the entire houshold should be treated together