materials + manufacture

try square(wood)

marking lines at 90° to an edge

marking gauge(wood)

mark lines parallel to an edge

jack plane(wood)

-used to achieve flat surface on larger pieces of timber
-plane in direction of the grain
-

bradawl(wood)

create a starter hole for positioning a drill accurately on a mark

pillar drill safety

-remove chuck key after fitting a drill bit
-lower safety guard before switching on
-hold the work securely or clamp to worktable
-always clamp metalwork or hold it in a machine vice

brittleness

easily broken, when struck, little to no bending at the breaking point.

ductility

may be drawn out-pulled into shape like copper wire

elasticity

bending, stretching, produced by a force disappears when the force is removed

hardness

material offers resistance to penetration/scratching

malleability

able to be hammered out into small sheets or small bars without cracking
can be pressed on rolled

strength

ability to resist a force without breaking

toughness

-considerable energy required to break
-ability to resist sudden blows, bends or twists

conductivity

heat and electricity are easily transmitted through the material

aluminium properties

-lightweight and easily formed
-bright silver
-non ferrous
-e.g drinks cans

copper properties

-conducts electricity and heat
-easily formed
-red/orange
-non ferrous
-e.g electrical wire

brass properties

-casts well and is easily joined by soldering
-gold coloured
-non ferrous
-e.g screws, hinges, door handles

mild steel properties

-easily welded/formed but needs surface protection
-blue/grey
-ferrous
-e.g bridges, car bodies

stainless steel properties

-forms well + resistant to rust
-shiny silver
-ferrous
-e.g garden tolls, sinks

ferrous metals

-contain iron
-prone to rust
-magnetic
-stainless steel, iron, mild steel

non ferrous metals

-don't contain iron
-generally corrosion resistant
-low mp
-non magnetic
-copper, aluminium, brass

centre punch(metal)

-mark position of holes before drilling
-only need one gentle tap from a hammer

scriber(metal)

mark out metal, similar to pencil on wood

engineers square(metal)

similar to try square, marking lines across metal at a 90° to an edge

odd leg callipers(metal)

scribe a line parallel to an edge of a piece of metal

spring dividers(metal)

used like a compass to scribe a circle or arc around a centre point

hacksaw(metal)

cutting medium sized sections of metal and can be adjusted to fit different sizes of blade

snips(metal)

cut thin sheets of material and are operated similar to scissors

combination pillars(metal)

cutting wire

hardwoods

-deciduous trees(seasonal and lose leaves during winter)
-take long to grow
-strong/hard (more durable)
-more expensive
-less sustainable
-more aesthetically pleasing

softwoods

-coniferous(evergreen + grow all year round)
-grow quicker, can be harvested more regularly
-less durable
-cheaper
-grown in farmed forests (sustainable, each tree cut down is one replanted)

hardwood examples (BOATM)

ash, oak, walnut, mahogany, beech, teak

softwood examples (CRLSP)

cedar, redwood, spruce, pine, larch, douglas fir

manufactured board

sheets of wooden material made from processed timber

benefits of manufactured board

-lower in cost compared to timber
-made from recycled material
-available in large wide sheets
-easier to cut + shape
-remains flat(doesn't warp or twist)

type of manufactured board

-MDF(fibres glued)
-plywood(strips glued at opposing right angles)
-chipboard(chips glued)

firmer chisel(wood)

rectangular blade and used for general workshop purposes

bevel end chisel(wood)

chisel with tapered edges to allow it to cut angles less than a right angle for dovetails

carpenters mallet(wood)

used for driving wood chisels and assembling/dismantling joints

tenon saw(wood)

accurate straight cuts in small pieces of wood

coping saw(wood)

used to cut curved shapes in thin timber

beech properties

-not durable, strong, hard, tough, easily worked
-white/yellow brown, straight grain
-hardwood
-e.g furniture, floors

ash properties

-works well, flexible, split + shock resistant
-white/pale brown, straight grain
-hardwood
-e.g sport equipment, boat building

mahogany properties

-fairly strong, medium weight, durable
-deep reddish brown, medium texture
-hardwood
-e.g interior panelling, furniture

red cedar properties

-weather/insect resistant, strong, very durable
-reddish brown, coarse texture, straight grain
-softwood
-e.g exterior boarding, furniture

marking+drilling hole (metal)

1. steel rule+scribed to measure & score distance from the edge to the centre of hole
2. engineers square+scriber to score line at right angle to the edge of metal
3. centre punch+ball pein hammer to make indent prior to drilling on right angled line
4. secure metal in machine vice, drill hole with twist drill and pillar drill

marking & shaping a curve(metal)

1. steel rule+scriber to measure & score distance from edge to centre of curve
2. engineers square+scriber to score line at 90° angles to edge of metal
3. centre punch & hall pein hammer to make indent prior to secure leg of dividers
4. dividers to score curve
5. tinsnips/guillotine to remove waste material from corners
6.file into shape using rough file

finishing metal

-cross file edge with rough file
-drawfile edge with smooth file
-clean edges with emery cloth
-clean faces with steel wool and soap
-polish edges

marking & forming metal

1. steel rule+scriber to measure and score distance from edge to bend line
2. engineers square and scriber to score line at 90° angles to edge of metal
3. secure metal in folding bars(or former) and engineers vice, hammer into shape using raw hide mallet

marking plastic

1. use template and marker pen to mark curve design(for curve only)
2. measure i mark distance from edge to centre of holes using steel rule and marker pen
3.project mark at 90° angle to edge of plastic using marker pen and engineers square. repeat to mark centre of holes on projected line

benefit of using template

-ensures all designs are identical as each template is the same
-more accurate as it’s easier to draw on cars than plastic
-quicker as it will take longer and be more difficult to draw design straight onto material as opposed to card

removing waste material(plastic)

-coping saw to create curve
-junior hacksaw for straight lines

drilling plastic

-secure plastic
-drill with twist drill bit/stepped drill bit
-to prevent cracking, support plastic with wood underneath/ use masking tape on drill area

shaping plastic

-heat plastic using strip heater until plastic is pliable (oven if curve)
-secure in former and bend into shape
-leave to cool

pine properties

-works well, strong
-softwood

acrylic properties

-hard, durable scratches easily
-thermoplastic

epoxy properties

-rigid, clear, tough, chemical resistant
-thermosetting plastic

thermoplastic

become plastic on heating and harden on cooling, and are able to repeat these processes

thermosetting plastic

when cool, they become permanently solid and cannot be reshaped, even