Unit 4- History Civil Rights

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

14th Amendment (1868)

citizenship, due process, equal protection

15h Amendment (1870)

guarantees african american men to vote

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.

Betty Friedan

writer, feminist, + Women's Rights activist

cofounded + president of National Organization for Women (NOW)

author of "Feminist Mistique" (1963)

voiced millions of women's frustrations + sparked widespread activism for gender equality

"mother" of modern women's rights movement

Black Power Movement

African American movement that focused on gaining control of economic and political power to achieve equal rights by force in necessary. (Malcolm X)

\

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period

civil rights act of 1957

1957*First civil rights act since Reconstruction*Stimulated by Brown v. Board of Edu. of Topeka and civil rights activism*Created a panel to ensure that voting rights of African Americans were not violated

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

civil rights (north v south demands)

North demands: - reunification - wanted slavery to end- more liberal

South demands:- more conservative - slavery was the economic backbone - wanted to take slavery westwards

Dawes Act of 1887

division of Tribal Land and plans to assimilate Natives Americans

like Scramble for Africa, US divided without land without paying attention to location of tribal borders

results: irreversible land loss removal of tribal culture especially language (it was illegal to speak in tribal language)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

Emmet Till 1955

Mississippi Flirts with white woman—> is kidnapped/ beat/ killed/ thrown in river Body is found and sent to Chicago and has open casket funeral Catalyst for civil rights movement

The Feminine Mystique written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

Freedmen's Bureau

1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

Freedom Charter 1955

Declaration of principles issued by ANC in 1956; advocated racial equality, free education and medical care, public ownership of mines, banks and big industry

harvey milk first openly gay politician elected in CA used position to further LGBTQ+ rights and represented them (which was HUGE)

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

James Baldwin

author that used poetry and books to advocate for the rights of African Americans and LGBTQ+ community

he was a member of both his style of writing allowed more people to better understand the struggles of the communities

KKK

Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.

little rock nine

little rock central HS to be integrated

ppl were complaining to the governor, so gov. Orval Faubus called the national fuard to block black students from entering the school

President Eisenhower deployed parts of the 101st Airborne Division to diffuse the situation and allow students to ende

malcolm x

father taught him black pride and self-reliance converted to Islam after being introduced to it in prison by Bimby

advocate of "any means necessary" of self-defense to protect themselves

assassinated while giving a speech at his organization of the Afro-American Unity

Marsha P. Johnson

African Americans women's and gay rights advocate, prominent figure in stonewall riots, founding member of Gay Liberation Front, co-founder of street transvestite action revolutionaries

Martin Luther King Jr. U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association)

formed after the arrest of Rosa Parks

formed to oversee the Montgomery bus boycott

played a leading role in fighting segregation in Alabama

Mississippi Freedom Summer

This took place in the summer of 1964 when thousands of black and white students went into the South to register voters. Three of these people, Chaney, Schwerner, and Goodman, disappeared and their dead bodies were not found for over a month.

Model Minority Myth

The stereotype that Asians are the racial minority group that has "made it" in the United States.

New Right

Outspoken conservative movement of the 1980s that emphaszed such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action

Richard Nixon (1969-1974)

The 37th President of the United States; ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. Nixon's visit to China in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic relations between the two nations, and he initiated détente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union the same year.

Nonviolent tactics

these tactics were used to push for equal treatment of minorities by Martin Luther King Jr. and Cesar Chavez. These tactics included boycotts, marches, and sit-ins. Malcolm X and the Black Panthers would later question the effectiveness of these tactics because violence against protestors continued.

NOW

National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan first president, wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination

Ronald Reagan

first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.

conservative preseident after a period of liberal presidents

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

chief of Sioux that confronted white settlers in 1860s

Red Cloud

chief of Sioux that confronted white settlers in 1860s

Red Power Movement

A movement which led to many Indian tribes winner greater control over education and economic development on their reservations.

Richard Aoki

early member of the Black Panthers and AAPA spokesperson

Roe v. Wade (1973)

The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

group of mostly African American ministers who worked to fight injustice through nonviolence

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

Sitting Bull

American Indian medicine man, chief, and political leader of his tribe at the time of the Custer massacre during the Sioux War

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Stokley Carmichael (SNCC)

Stokley Carmichael and the SNCC wanted blacks to take responsibility for their own lives and reject white help.

Stonewall Uprising

1969 clash between LGBT people and NYC police officers. led by transgender activist Sylvia rivera and Marsha p. Johnson. considered to be the beginning of the LGBT rights movement.

Suburbanization

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Tulsa Race Massacre

The Tulsa race massacre took place on May 31 and June 1, 1921, when mobs of white residents, many of them deputized and given weapons by city officials, attacked black residents and businesses of the Greenwood District in Tulsa, Oklahoma

United States v. Windsor

Federal government must provide benefits to legally married same-sex couples

White Flight

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

Yellow Power Movement

Inspired by the Black Power movement, break stereotypes about Asian Americans and rallied for protection against discrimination.

Yuri Kochiyama

Asian American woman who spent her life as a political activist fighting with Asian American, Black, and Third World movements for civil and human rights, ethnic studies, and against the war in Vietnam. Joined Malcolm X's group, the Organization for Afro-American Unity, to work for racial justice and human rights. Moved for reparations for interned Japanese families during WWII, she herself was interned

Involvement in 1988 Civil Liberties Act, which Reagan signed, awarding $20k to each Japanese internment survivor