AP US History Period 8: 1945 - 1980 Redefining Democracy in the Era of Cold War and Liberal Ascendency

Taft Hartley Act

The ________ was designed to monitor and restrict the activities of organized labor, making it more difficult to strike.

Three Mile Island

Although uranium did not produce emissions and was cheap, the nuclear waste was hard to dispose of and there was always the risk of accidents like ________ happening.

NATO

________ was formed to resist any aggressive actions by the Soviet Union and created a standing army for this purpose.

Jimmy Carter

________ provided a foundation for a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.

LBJ

________ formed the Kerner Commission to investigate the causes of rioting in black communities- the root of which was poverty and segregation.

Medgar Evans

When civil rights leader ________ was murdered, Kennedy called civil rights a "moral issue "and pledged to support civil rights legislation.

Guatemala

In ________, the US orchestrated the ousting of the democratically elected Jacobo Arbenz in 1954.

Servicemens Readjustment Act

Also known as the ________ (1944), this provided low- interest loans for veterans to purchase homes and attend college.

SCOTUS

________ declared that states shall not prohibit women from having an abortion during the first two trimesters of pregnancy, affirming people the right to privacy.

Peace Corps

The US also established the ________ in 1961 to extend aid packages and assistance to these countries, also resorting to military force and covert operations to install regimes favorable to US interests.

widespread truckers strike

A(n) ________ would occur in 1974 organized by makeshift groups such as the Owner- Operator and Independent Drivers Association of America, using citizen band radios.

Nixon administration

The ________ created the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 and approved the Clean Air Act to set standards for air quality.

Kennedy

In 1961, ________ issued an executive order mandating that projects using federal funds take "affirmative action "to make sure that employers do not discriminate based on race.

WWII

________ was a transformative experience for blacks- many returning soldiers who had taken part in the Double V campaign felt a sense of empowerment and engagement.

hippie movement

The counterculture ________ also encouraged people to rid themselves of material possessions.

Eisenhower

________ and Khrushchev held a summit after the death of Stalin, however, the launch of Sputnik and the Soviet test of an ICBM pushed the two nations further apart.

civil defense programs

There were ________ to build public bomb shelters and prepare the population for a nuclear emergency.

National Security Council Paper

A(n) ________, known as NSC- 68, called for a more aggressive defense policy for the United States.

MLK

________ and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference launched a major campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, to protest racial segregation.

New Deal

The liberal belief in the efficacy of government initiatives in addressing social problems can be traced back to the Progressive agenda as well as the ________.

Japanese Americans

________ were given reparations in 1988 when Reagan signed legislation distributing $ 20, 000 in reparations to each internee Movements for Womens Rights and Gay Liberation.

Ohio

In Brandenburg v. ________ (1969), SCOTUS ruled that the government can not restrict inflammatory speech unless that speech is likely to incite unlawful action.

OPEC

In 1973, ________ cut off exports to the US and increased the price of oil, retaliating for US support of Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War.

Watergate scandal

The ________ began in 1972 when five men were caught breaking into the headquarters of the Democratic Party at the Watergate hotel in DC.

Johnson

________ announced in 1964 that American destroyers had been fired upon by North Vietnamese gunboats in the Gulf of Tonkin, which was questionable, but it gave ________ a blank check to engage in military operations without a formal declaration of war.

USSR

In 1971, Nixon initiated an agreement with the ________ where they accepted the independence of West Berlin and the US recognized East Germany.

Environmental issues

________ were brought to the public attention by Carsons 1962 Silent Spring which described how modern society was poisoning the Earth.

Truman Doctrine

Truman issued the ________ (1947) in which he said the goal of the US was to contain Communism.

Woodstock Festival

The ________ attracted ½ million attendees to a farm in upstate NY, providing a glimpse of a utopian future.

Korea

________ had been divided at the 38th parallel after WWII, with the US administering the southern half, and the USSR administering the northern half.

Cold War

The ________ began from the end of WWII.

Nixons policy of detente

________ represented a thawing in the Cold War and an improvement of relations with the USSR.

extensive program

The US maintained a(n) ________ of spying on the military capabilities of the Soviet Union.

Immigration and Nationality Act

The ________ of 1965 continued to limit the number of immigrants, but it eliminated the quota system based on national origins.

Berlin

The crisis over ________ caused the US, Canada, and Western Europe to form a mutual defense pact.

Eisenhower

________ pursued a policy labeled the "New Look- "emphasizing the development of strategic nuclear weapons as a deterrent to potential threats from the USSR- "Massive Retaliation "was an idea put forth by Secretary of State Dulles- designed to deter conventional as well as nuclear strikes by the USSR.

Later it was learned that George Kennan, a diplomat who had served in the US embassy in Moscow, wrote the article

however, he later reversed himself and recommended dialogue with the USSR

Eisenhower pursued a policy labeled the "New Look"

emphasizing the development of strategic nuclear weapons as a deterrent to potential threats from the USSR -"Massive Retaliation" was an idea put forth by Secretary of State Dulles -designed to deter conventional as well as nuclear strikes by the USSR

Finally, a deal was reached where the USSR would abandon its Cuban missile program and the United States would recognize Cubas sovereignty (The US also agreed to remove missiles from Turkey) The Cold War

From Confrontation to Detente

Executive Order 9835 also allowed investigations to be held for current employees

forcing them to promise to uphold the Constitution and to swear they were not Communists

A central piece was the Title I

Housing Act of 1949, which provided federal financing for slum clearance programs

The most emblematic genre of the 50s was the sitcom

with a wise father figure, stay home mother, and obedient children such as Leave It to Beaver and Father Knows Best

There were also westerns and soap operas

many genres carrying over from the radio

Blossomed in the 1950s; it challenged both the legal basis of segregation and the pervasive racism in society

the racism that had justified slavery and the persistence of Jim Crow segregation

WWII was a transformative experience for blacks

many returning soldiers who had taken part in the Double V campaign felt a sense of empowerment and engagement

US foreign policy evolved

on one hand, the US professed support for the concept of self-determination, granting the Philippines independence in 1946, but on the other hand, it had strong ties with many European powers who had colonies

From mid 1800s

mid 1900s, Indochina, including Vietnam, was a French possession

There was a dramatic rise in the middle class

home and car ownership, a college education, and a comfortable income

Harrintons The Other America

Poverty in the US (1962) revealed the existence of pervasive poverty in society to Americans, including Kennedy

Liberalism in the White House

From Kennedy to Johnson

A major goal of LBJ was to end poverty

Great Society programs developing Medicare and Medicaid, welfare programs, and public housing

This was a turning point in the push for federal legislation

public safety commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor used violent tactics to break up the childrens march

LBJ formed the Kerner Commission to investigate the causes of rioting in black communities

the root of which was poverty and segregation

The report noted that America was moving towards separate societies, "one black one white

separate and unequal"

Democrats had walked a fine line in civil rights

Democrats after FDR believed that black rights were correct and just, but the party did not want to alienate its southern wing

Passed and signed by LBJ in 1964

intended to end discrimination based on race and gender

In Baker v. Carr (1966), SCOTUS ruled that legislative districts must be redrawn to have equal numbers of people

without reapportionment, urban areas would be grouped into one district and underrepresented, violating the principle of one-person, one-vote

American Indians grew increasingly bitter toward federal policies in regard to tribes

in 1953, the government passed a policy of termination, where the government would encourage Indians to assimilate into white culture and would then terminate recognition of tribes as legal entities

AIM was successful in making change

in 1972, Nixon promised Indians greater autonomy over tribal lands, and in 1978, SCOTUS ruled in United States v. Wheeler that Congress could not "terminate" tribes

Focused on several issues

the creation of ethnic studies programs in universities, an end to the Vietnam War, and reparations for Japanese Americans

The Beatles and the Rolling Stones transformed American culture, drawing from African American music

from rhythm and blues to rock ‘n roll

They organized "be-ins"

gatherings of young people that were part political protest and part Spiritual and artistic festival

The conservative movement can be split in two

a "massive resistance" movement in the South, the John Birch Society, and the 1968 candidacy of Geroge Wallace for president; and a more mainstream conservatism, evident in National Review, edited by Buckley and the candidacy of Barry Goldwater in 1964

The Civil Rights Movement

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