BIOL 2108 Test Review, Chap. 26-29

What is xylem made of?

Dead plant cells/cell wall remains

What does xylem mainly transport?

Water

What direction does xylem transport?

Upward

What is phloem made of?

Living cells

What direction does phloem transport?

From source to sink

What does phloem transport?

Carbohydrates and nutrients

How is CAM photosynthesis separated?

By time

What is it called when plants bend in response to light or gravity?

tropism

How is C4 photosynthesis separated?

By location

Why is CAM photosynthesis separated?

Because of excess transpiration during the day

Why is C4 photosynthesis separated?

Because of the threat of photorespiration

What do bundle sheathe cells do?

Concentrate CO2 around RuBisCo

What do mesophyll cells do?

Capture CO2

What does the stoma look like when the guard cells swell with water?

Open

What happens when the stoma is open?

Water transpires out, CO2 diffuses in

What does the stoma look like when the guard cells are not swollen?

Closed

What part of the root allows it to control what enters the xylem?

The Casparian strip

What feature of the Casparian strip allows it to block certain molecules and allow others in?

Hydrophobicity

What is mycorrhizae?

A symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi at the roots

What is endomycorrhizae?

When the fungi penetrate into the roots

What is ectomycorrhizae?

When the fungi sit on the outside of the roots

What is a root nodule?

A node on the root of a plant where bacteria fix nitrogen in exchange for carbohydrates

Which plants have xylem and phloem?

Vascular plants

What do bryophytes rely on to reproduce?

Water

What is the ploidy of the sporophyte?

Diploid

What does the sporophyte do?

It makes spores

What is the ploidy of the gametophyte?

Haploid

What does the gametophyte do?

It makes gametes

What happens in the sporangium of a plant?

Cells undergo meiosis, creating haploid spores

What protects spores from UV rays and desiccation?

Sporopollenin

What is desiccation?

When a spore dries out

What is it when a plant switches between the diploid sporophyte phase and the haploid gametophyte phase?

Alternation of Gerneations

What do spores develop into?

Haploid gametophytes

What is the male gametophyte in pine trees?

Pollen

How do gymnosperms reproduce?

They make seeds

Which generation is dominant in bryophytes?

The gametophyte is dominant

Which generation is dominant in gymnosperms?

The sporophyte is dominant

What is the main feature of angiosperms?

They produce flowers

What is the female part of a flower?

The carpel

What is the male part of a flower?

The stamen

What inside of the seed supplies the embryo’s nutrients in Angiosperms?

The endosperm

What is the located at the nodes of plants?

Leaves and meristems

What the internodes of plants?

Stems/Vascular tissue; The space between two nodes

What are shoots?

Everything on a plant above the ground

What controls the growth of shoots?

Shoot apical meristem

What do shoots grow towards?

Sunlight

What do roots grow towards?

Water

How do plants get longer?

Cells elongate

What are the small bumps on stems that eventually develop into leaves?

Leaf primordia

How are seed plant xylem and phloem arranged?

xylem is in the center, and phloem is on the outside in a ring formation

How are monocot xylem and phloem arranged?

Vascular bundles are evenly spaces throughout the stem

What are stems that run underground?

Rhizomes

What are stems that run on top of the ground?

Stolons

What are stems that run underground and store nutrients?

Tubers

Which hormone controls upward and outward plant growth?

Auxin

Which hormone controls cell elongation?

Gibberelin

Which hormone counteracts auxin?

Ethylene

Which hormone controls seed development?

Abscisic acid

Why can’t auxin leave the plasma membrane easily?

It’s negatively charged

What helps auxin travel across the plasma membrane?

PIN proteins

What direction does Auxin move in shoots?

Downward

What direction does Auxin move in roots?

Upward

How do plants grow during primary growth?

Upward with branching

How do plants grow during secondary growth?

Outward, enlarging stem circumference

What allows secondary growth?

Lateral Meristems

What creates new xylem and phloem?

Vascular cambium

What is nonfunctional xylem in the center of the stem?

Heartwood

What is secondary xylem?

Wood

What is cork cambium?

Bark

What allows oxygen to diffuse into trees?

Lenticels

Why would trees need oxygen?

So the cells within it can respire

What are cincle-celled xylem passages?

Tracheids

Which type of plant uses tracheids?

Gymnosperms

Do gymnosperms or Angiosperms transport more water?

Angiosperms

What causes the growth of new roots?

Root apical meristem

How do plants get information about light?

Photoreceptors

How do plants get information about gravity?

Mechanoreceptors

How do plants get information about chemical concentrations?

Chemoreceptors

When will a seed begin to grow?

In the presence of light

How do roots know where they are in relation to gravity?

Statoliths

On what side do cells stretch to reach sunlight?

The opposite side of the light