Time period 7

Dawes Plan

This loan program was crafted to give money to Germany so that they could pay war reparations and lessen the financial crisis in Europe; the program ended with the 1929 stock market crash.

Calvin Coolidge

President of the United States from 1923 to 1929. Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. This man was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

Hawley Smoot Tariff

Raised tariffs to an unprecedented level and worsened the depression by raising prices and discouraging foreign trade.

Black Tuesday

Name given to the fatal crash of 1929.

Herbert Hoover

President of the United States from 1929 to 1933. Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Hoovervilles

Sneering name given to the shantytowns that sprang up during the depression.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

This agency became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, and railroads.

Bonus Army

Name given to the mass of struggling WWI vets who, in the face of hard economic times, wanted to collect their pay checks early.

Franklin Roosevelt

Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public.

New Deal

the historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented, the economic policy of F. D. Roosevelt

Dust Bowl

A horrible natural disaster in which Midwestern dust from millions of acres of dry, arid land (which in-part got that way from the tilling of the area) was blown up into the air and carried as far as Boston. Caused much suffering.

Civilian Conservation Board (CCC)

1933. This unemployment relief act hired young men for reforestation programs, firefighting. flood control, spawn drainage, etc;

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

New Deal program that provided relief to the unemployed in fields such as theater, literature, entertainment, and art. One of the largest "alphabet" agencies.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Provided for price support to be mandatory on corn, cotton, and wheat, regulated supply and market demand

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

It built a hydroelectric network that supplied cheap power while also developing a flood-control system, recreational facilities, and soil conservation program. First federal business to compete with private enterprises.

Social Security

The greatest victory for New Dealers; created pension and insurance for the old-aged, the blind, the physically handicapped, delinquent children, and other dependents by taxing employees and employers

Security and Exchange Commission (SEC)

was designed as a stock watchdog administrative agency, and stock markets henceforth were to operate more as trading marts than as casinos.

Bank Holidays

closed all banks until gov. examiners could investigate their financial condition; only sound/solvent banks were allowed to reopen

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

This entity provided insurance to personal banking accounts up to $5,000. These assured people that their money was safe and secure. This agency still functions today.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. She took much flak from her contemporaries.

Court Packing Scheme

Franklin Roosevelt's politically motivated and ill-fated scheme to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not retire. His objective was to overcome the Court's objections to New Deal reforms.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Neutrality Acts

stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war certain restrictions would automatically go into effect; no American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent nation, or make loans to a belligerent

Cash and Carry

countries such as Britain and France would have to pay for American goods in cash and provide transportation for them. This would keep US ships out of the war zone and eliminate the need for war loans

Quarantine Speech

FDR's call to isolate aggressors through economic embargoes

appeasement

Satisfying the demands of dissatisfied powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability (in case of WWII toward Germany)

America First Committee

Group formed in 1940 by isolationists to block further aid to Britain

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Lend Lease Act

allows America to sell, lend, or lease arms or other war supplies to any nation considered "vital to the defense of the U.S." as long as they gave them back after the war; pursued by FDR

Pearl Harbor

United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941.

Nazi- Soviet Pact

Agreement between Hitler and Stalin that said they would both invade Poland and not attack one another

Japanese Internment Camps

Carried out through Executive Order 9066, which took many Japanese families away from their homes and into internment camp. Motivated (somewhat) by racisim and fear of spies

War Production Board

government agency that decided which companies would make war materials and how to distribute raw materials

A. Philip Randolph

America's leading black labor leader who called for a march on Washington D.C. to protest factories' refusals to hire African Americans, which eventually led to President Roosevelt issuing an order to end all discrimination in the defense industries

braceros

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work during World War II

D-Day

June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.

Battle of Bulge

last German offensive through the Ardennes forests in December 1944; Germans lost

Douglas MacArthur

American general who commanded the Allied forces in the Pacific during WWII; accepted Japan's official surrender on V-J Day.

Joseph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Dwight D. Eisenhower

American General who led the Allied invasion of French Normandy on D-Day and continued the advance towards Berlin.

Hirohito

Japanese emperor who was allowed to stay on his throne despite unconditional surrender policy

Harry S. Truman

Assumed the presidency following FDR's death on April 12, 1945; attended the Potsdam conference that preceded the atomic bombings of Japan.

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war

Manhattan Project

Secret American project to develop atomic weapons for use during WWII.