APES UNIT 3

Population density

A measurement of the number of people living in a specific area, usually expressed as people per square mile or square kilometer.

Total fertility

The overall number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

Total fertility rate

A demographic indicator that estimates the average number of children a woman would have over her reproductive years.

Population growth rate

The rate at which a population increases in size.

Doubling time

The amount of time it takes for a population to double in size.

Life expectancy

A statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age.

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment (based on limiting factors).

Replacement level fertility

The average number of children a woman needs to have to ensure that the population replaces itself from one generation to the next.

Population momentum

Refers to the continued population growth that occurs even after birth rates have declined, often due to a high percentage of young people in the population.

Infant mortality

The death of an infant before his or her first birthday.

Developing country

Countries that have not achieved a significant degree of industrialization relative to their populations, and mostly have a medium to low standard of living.

Developed country

Countries with a mature economy, high GDP, advanced technological infrastructure, and high quality of life.

Urban area

A densely populated area with many human-built structures, such as cities and towns.

Affluence

Wealth (due to high GDP).

J-curve

Represents intrinsic growth rate, showing how populations grow exponentially given unlimited resources.

S-curve

Represents logistic growth rate, showing how populations grow to a carrying capacity (K) given limited resources and competition.

K-strategists

Organisms that are large in size, have few offspring, provide parental care, and have late reproductive maturity.

r-strategists

Organisms that are small in size, have many offspring, provide little or no parental care, and have early reproductive maturity.

High infant mortality rate effect

Leads to a high total fertility rate.

Educational opportunities for women effect

Increased access leads to a decrease in total fertility rate.

Contraceptives education effect

Increased access to education in contraceptives leads to a decrease in total fertility rate.

Phases of demographic transition

1. Pre-industrial: High birth and death rates; 2. Transitional: High birth and low death rates; 3. Industrial: Low birth and death rates; 4. Post-industrial: Equally low birth and death rates.

Total Population (USA, China, India)

USA: 350 million; China: 1.425 billion; India: 1.428 billion.

Human population impact on global sustainability

We use more resources than the Earth produces in a year.