APES UNIT 3

1. Identify the total population of the USA, China, and India.

 USA=350 million       China=1.425 Billion          India=1.428 Billion

2. Explain why the human population has the largest negative impact on global sustainability.

 We use more resources than Earth produces in a year.

3. Describe the 4 phases of the demographic transition, include the changes in

a.      birth rate

b.     death rate

c.      population


Phase 1-Pre-industrial: High birth and death rate which leads to a stable population (high stationary)

Phase 2-Transitional: High birth rate and low death rate which leads to a rapidly growing population (expanding rapidly)

Phase 3-Industrial: Low Birth and death rates which leads to a slowly growing population (expanding slowly)

Phase 4-Post-industrial: Equally low birth and death rates which leads to zero growth unless the total fertility rate falls below replacement level, in which case the population experiences negative growth rates (low stationary)

 

4. Identify examples of countries in each stage of the demographic transitions.

Stage 1 - Theoretical (isolated nations)

 Stage 2 - Developing countries (Latin America, Africa, Southeast Asia)

Stage 3 - Developed countries (USA, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Australia)

Stage 4 - Developed countries (Italy, Russia, Japan)

5. Explain how affluence is an environmental problem.

 As affluence increases, so does energy consumption and natural resource use.

6. Describe how a high infant mortality rate can affect total fertility rate.

 High infant mortality rate leads to high total fertility rate.

7. Explain how increased educational opportunities for women can affect fertility rate.

 Increased educational opportunities for women leads to a decrease in total fertility rate.

8. Explain how increased access to and education in contraceptives can affect fertility rate.

 As contraceptives become more available, the total fertility rate will decrease.

9. Describe the differences between a J-curve and an S-curve of population size.

 J-curve - Intrinsic growth rate-shows how populations grow exponentially given unlimited resources

S-curve - Logistic growth rate-shows how populations grow to a carrying capacity (K) given limited resources and competition

10.  Identify the difference between K-strategists and r-strategists.

 K - large size, few offspring, parental care, late reproductive maturity, long gestational period

r - small size, many offspring, little/no parental care, early reproductive maturity, short gestational period

11.  Identify the two factors that determine a country's quality of life.

 Life expectancy and infant mortality rate

12.  Describe how the human population has changed historically.

Little population growth until the agricultural and industrial revolutions when population grew exponentially

13.  Describe the properties of the following shaped age structure diagrams:

a.      Triangle - rapid or slow population growth

b.     Column - no growth

c.      Upside down triangle - negative growth

 

14.  Define the following and/or identify the equation: 


·       Population density: a measurement of the number of people living in a specific area, usually expressed as people per square mile or square kilometer

·       Total fertility: the overall number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime

·       Total fertility rate: a demographic indicator that estimates the average number of children a woman would have over her reproductive years

·       Population growth rate: the rate at which a population increases in size

·       Doubling time: the amount of time it takes for a population to double in size

·       Life expectancy: a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age

·       Carrying capacity: the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment (based on limiting factors)

·       Replacement level fertility: the average number of children a woman needs to have to ensure that the population replaces itself from one generation to the next. This number is usually around 2.1 children per woman, but it can vary by country and region

·       Population momentum: What is Population Momentum? Population growth has a lot to do with the age structure of the population. The higher the percentage of young people (especially those under age 15), the more the population will continue to rise as this large cohort (segment of the population) enters their reproductive years (15-49).

·       Immigration: individuals moving into an area

·       Emigration: individuals moving out of an area

·       Infant mortality: the death of an infant before his or her first birthday

·       Developing country: countries that have not achieved a significant degree of industrialization relative to their populations, and have, in most cases, a medium to low standard of living

·       Developed country: have a mature economy with a high gross domestic product (GDP) and average income per resident, have advanced technological infrastructure, have a high quality of life, including access to quality healthcare and higher education

·       Urban area: a densely populated area with many human-built structures, such as cities and towns

·       GDP: a measure of the total value of goods and services produced in a country over a specific period of time

·       Affluence: wealth (due to high GDP)


Formulas:

Population Size = (Immigrations + births) - (emigrations + deaths)


Divide by 10 because CBR & CDR are per 1,000 and growth rate is % or per 100.

Growth rate is always expressed as %.


Population Density: # of individuals/area 

  • Ex: (12 panthers/km2)

  • High density = higher competition, possibility for disease outbreak, possibility of depleting food source