4.1 Blood

What type of tissue is blood?

connective tissue

Are blood cells living or nonliving?

living

Is blood plasma living or nonliving?

nonliving

What are the three functions of blood?

transport, regulation, and protection

What three ways does the blood function in transport?

1) carries oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive tract

2) removes waste from cells (like carbon dioxide)

3) transports hormones from endocrine structures to target organs

What three ways does the blood function in regulation?

1) regulates body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat

2) regulates normal pH by acting as buffers

3) regulates fluid volume

What two ways does the blood function in protection?

1) preventing blood loss via clotting

2) preventing infection by carrying antibodies and white blood cells to infected tissues

What comes out when you bleed or donate blood?

whole blood

What is whole blood a mixture of?

formed elements, water, and dissolved molecules

How can whole blood be separated?

centrifuge

What are the 4 main components of blood?

plasma, white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells

What is plasma?

mainly water with dissolved substances, such as plasma proteins

What do white blood cells do?

help our body recognize and fight off foreign substances

What are white blood cells also called?

leukocytes

What are platelets also called?

thrombocytes

What are platelets?

cell fragments that help stop bleeding what a blood vessel is damaged

What are red blood cells also called?

erythrocytes

What is the function of red blood cells?

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the rest of the body

What is the shape of red blood cells?

flattened biconcave shape

What are two benefits to red blood cells having a flattened biconcave shape?

larger surface area for gas exchange & flexible to squeeze through tight spaces

What do mature red blood cells consist of?

plasma membrane surrounding tons of proteins (97% are hemoglobin)

What is hemoglobin?

the protein that binds and carries oxygen

What is in hemoglobin that binds the oxygen?

iron

What is hematopoiesis?

blood cell formation

Do blood cells divide?

no

How are replacement red blood cells made?

stem cells in the red bone marrow make replacement red blood cells

What is erythropoietin (EPO)?

the hormone that regulates the formation and destruction of red blood cells

Where is erythropoietin (EPO) made?

mostly in the kidneys but also in the liver

How is erythropoietin (EPO) triggered?

a drop in normal blood oxygen levels

What is hemostasis?

the fast and localized process the body uses to stop bleeding

What are the three steps in hemostasis?

1) vascular spasm

2) platelet plug formation

3) coagulation

What happens during the vascular spasm step of hemostasis?

smooth muscles in the damaged blood vessel contract (vasoconstriction) to slow down the blood flow

What happens during the platelet plug formation step of hemostasis?

platelets gather and adhere to the site and each other to form a plug

What happens during the coagulation step of hemostasis?

fibrin protein form a mesh-like clot that closes the gap to heal the blood vessel

What are antigens?

glycoprotein or glycolipid markers/tags found on all cells

How does your body perceive cells that have different antigens from it?

your body perceives them as foreign

What happens after your body perceives a cell as foreign?

an immune response is activated against it

How do antibodies respond to antigens?

antibodies respond to antigens by binding to them and clumping cells together for destruction

What is agglutination?

the clumping of cells together

What are agglutiogens?

red blood cell antigens

What is blood type determined by?

the presence or absence of A and B agglutinogens

What is the Rh factor?

red blood cells have the rhesus (Rh) antigens

What are the two Rh antigens?

+ and -

Do Rh positive people have the rhesus (Rh) antigens?

yes

Do Rh positive people make anti-Rh antibodies?

no

What type of blood can Rh positive people accept (+ and/or -)?

+ and -

Do Rh negative people have the rhesus antigens?

no

Do Rh negative people make anti-Rh antibodies?

yes

What type of blood can Rh negative people accept (+ and/or -)?

-

How are A/B antigens and rhesus antigens determined?

different genes

How do the genes that affect A/B antigens and rhesus antigens sort?

independently

How many different blood types are there?

8

What are the 8 different blood types?

A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-

Which antigens are found on cells of AB blood type?

A and B

Which antigens are found on cells of A blood type?

A

Which antigens are found on cells of B blood type?

B

Which antigens are found on cells of O blood type?

O

What blood types can people with AB blood receive?

A, B, AB, O

What blood types can people with A blood receive?

A and O

What blood types can people with B blood receive?

B and O

What blood types can people with O blood receive?

O