Unit 8, Part 2: Inter-War Years

Lost Generation

The generation that came of age during World War I, marked by a sense of disillusionment and moral loss.

Roaring Twenties

A decade characterized by economic prosperity, cultural change, and vibrant social life in the United States.

Jazz

A genre of music that originated in the African American communities in the early 20th century, known for its improvisational style.

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

A public service broadcaster in the UK, recognized for its journalistic and cultural impact.

German Expressionists

Artists who sought to express emotional experience rather than physical reality, often in a distorted manner.

Dadaism

An avant-garde art movement that emerged in response to the horrors of World War I, characterized by absurdity and anti-art sentiments.

Hannah Hoch

A German Dada artist known for her pioneering work in photomontage.

Surrealism

An artistic movement that focused on releasing the creative potential of the unconscious mind.

Salvador Dali

A prominent surrealist artist known for his striking and bizarre images.

Cubism

An artistic movement that abandoned perspective and portrayed subjects from multiple angles.

Italian Futurism

An artistic and social movement in early 20th century Italy that emphasized modernity, speed, and technology.

Bauhaus School of art

An influential art and design school that aimed to unify art, craft, and technology.

Socialist Realism

An artistic style that aims to glorify the ideals of socialism and communism, typically depicting everyday life in a positive light.

Igor Stravinsky

A Russian composer known for his innovative and influential works, particularly in ballet.

Arnold Schoenberg

An Austrian composer associated with the development of atonal music and the twelve-tone technique.

Stream of consciousness

A narrative mode that attempts to capture the flow of thoughts and feelings in a character's mind.

James Joyce

An Irish modernist writer known for his groundbreaking work in narrative technique, especially in 'Ulysses'.

Carl Jung

Swiss psychiatrist who founded analytical psychology and emphasized the importance of the unconscious.

Heroic Age of Physics

A period marked by major advancements in theoretical and experimental physics during the early 20th century.

Uncertainty Principle

A fundamental theory in quantum mechanics stating that certain pairs of physical properties cannot both be known to arbitrary precision.

John Maynard Keynes

An English economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics.

Little Entente

An alliance between Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia designed to counteract Hungarian expansion.

Raymond Poincare

French Prime Minister known for his tough stance against Germany regarding the Treaty of Versailles.

French occupation of Ruhr district

An action taken by French and Belgian troops to enforce reparations from Germany, leading to passive resistance.

Hyperinflation

An extremely high and typically accelerating inflation, resulting in the sharp decline in the currency's value.

Dawes Plan

A plan devised to stabilize the German economy and restructure reparations payments.

Locarno Agreements

A series of treaties that aimed to secure post-World War I territorial settlements in Europe.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

An international agreement that sought to outlaw war as a means of resolving disputes.

Beer Hall Putsch

A failed coup attempt by Adolf Hitler to overthrow the Weimar government in 1923.

Ramsay McDonald

The first Labour Prime Minister of the UK, known for his moderate approach.

Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s.

Stock market crash

A sudden and severe drop in stock prices, often leading to economic crises.

Bank crisis

A situation where banks are unable to meet depositors' withdrawal demands, often leading to bank runs.

General crisis of production

A significant decrease in production output due to financial instability.

Protective tariffs

Taxes imposed on imported goods to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

Mass unemployment

A situation where a significant portion of the workforce is without jobs.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

The 32nd President of the United States, responsible for the New Deal reforms.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms enacted by FDR to address the Great Depression.

Works Progress Administration

A New Deal agency that provided jobs for unemployed Americans during the Great Depression.

Scandinavian Response to the Depression

A successful approach involving socialist reforms and public works to mitigate the effects of the Great Depression.

The Popular Front

A coalition of left-wing parties in France formed to resist fascism.

Leon Blum

The leader of the French socialist party and prominent figure in the Popular Front.

Democratic Successor States

New nations that emerged from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire, attempting democracy.

Conservative Authoritarianism

A form of government that seeks to maintain order and uphold traditional values.

Miklos Horthy

The regent of Hungary who led the government after World War I.

Totalitarianism

A political system where the state has total control over all aspects of public and private life.

Stalinism

A form of government in the Soviet Union characterized by totalitarianism and state control of the economy.

Fascism

An authoritarian political ideology glorifying the state and often led by a dictator.

Eugenics

The science of improving a human population by controlled breeding.

Spanish Civil War

A conflict in Spain from 1936 to 1939 between Republicans and Nationalists.

Francisco Franco

The leader of the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War and later dictator of Spain.

Joseph Stalin

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union who rose to power after Lenin.

New Economic Policy

A policy introduced by Lenin that allowed some private enterprise to stimulate the economy.

Socialism in one country

Stalin's policy of building socialism in the Soviet Union without reliance on international revolution.

Centralized Russian control

The administrative strategy by Stalin to exert control over various Soviet regions.

Five-year plans

State-led initiatives aimed at rapidly industrializing the Soviet economy.

Collectivization

The policy of creating collective farms that consolidated individual landholdings.

Kulaks

Wealthy peasants who resisted collectivization and were targeted by Stalin's regime.

Ukrainian famine/Holodomor

A man-made famine in Ukraine during the early 1930s, caused by Stalin's policies.

Gosplan

The Soviet government's central planning agency responsible for economic and production goals.

Transformation of Soviet society

The social and economic changes in the USSR due to industrialization and communist policies.

Women in the USSR

Women experienced initial equality, but many rights were reversed under Stalin's rule.

Great Terror

A campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s.

Gulags

Forced labor camps in the Soviet Union where political prisoners were imprisoned.

Benito Mussolini

The Italian dictator and founder of Fascism who ruled from 1922 until 1943.

Fascio

A symbol representing the Fascist movement, consisting of bundled rods.

Black Shirts

The paramilitary wing of the Italian Fascist Party, known for violence against opponents.

Lateran Agreement

An agreement between Italy and the Vatican that recognized the independence of Vatican City.

Cult of the Duce

A propaganda campaign that glorified Mussolini as the embodiment of Italy.

Italian invasion of Ethiopia

Italy's imperial campaign against Ethiopia in the 1930s, showcasing fascist aggression.

National Socialism

The political ideology of the Nazi Party, combining elements of nationalism and socialism.

Adolf Hitler

The leader of the Nazi Party and Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945.

Mein Kampf

Hitler's autobiography outlining his ideology of antisemitism and nationalism.

Lebensraum

The concept of 'living space' for the German people, used to justify territorial expansion.

Chancellor Heinrich Bruning

German chancellor during the early 1930s whose policies worsened the economic crisis.

Weimar Republic

The democratic government established in Germany after World War I, ending in 1933.

Reichstag Fire

A building fire that was blamed on communists, leading to tightened security and political repression.

Enabling Act

A law that gave Hitler the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag.

Storm Troopers (SA)

The Nazi Party's paramilitary organization that played a key role in Hitler's rise to power.

Heinrich Himmler and the SS

The leader of the SS (Schutzstaffel), responsible for many of the atrocities of the Nazi regime.

Professional Civil Service Restoration Act

A law that excluded Jews from government jobs in Nazi Germany.

Kristallnacht

A coordinated attack on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany in 1938.

Night of the Long Knives

A purge of the SA leadership by Hitler, consolidating his power.

Aryanization

The process of transferring Jewish-owned businesses and property to non-Jewish ownership.

Volksgemeinschaft

The concept of a 'people's community' aimed at creating a racially pure German society.

Women in Nazi Germany

Women were expected to uphold traditional roles and support the Aryan family ideal.

Appeasement

The policy of conceding to aggressive demands in order to avoid conflict.

Rome-Berlin Axis

The military and political alliance between Italy and Germany prior to World War II.

Anschluss

The annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938.

Invasion of the Sudetenland

The Nazi takeover of a part of Czechoslovakia, justified by claims of protecting ethnic Germans.

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

An agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to not attack each other.