Hist P1: End of CW

Reagan’s First Term

1981-85

Reagan’s Second Term

1985-89

Reagan’s approach to CW (1st Term)

Renewed Containment

Reasons for Renewed Containment: Military

USSR surpassed US in arms development

Reasons for Renewed Containment: Domestic

US Foreign Policy redemption after key blunders

3 Key US Foreign Policy blunders

Watergate Scandal, Vietnam War defeat, USSR invasion of Afghanistan

Year + Figure: Watergate Scandal 

1974 Nixon

Year that VW ended

1975

Year that USSR invaded Afghanistan

1979

Result of 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Collapse of SALT II, continued development of INF

Reasons for Renewed Containment: Hawkish Politicians

UK Margaret Thatcher, US republicans’ pressure

Features of Renewed Containment: Military

Diverted resources towards military and defence, escalated arms race 

Renewed Containment (Military): Year + Key initiative

1983 SDI / Star Wars Programme

1983 SDI: Definition

5-year, $26bil programme for R&D on nationwide ballistic-missile defence system

Why did the INF talks collapse?

Reagan deployed INF (Pershing II, Cruise missiles) in Europe, USSR deployed their SS20s

1983 SDI caused ___ to collapse?

1972 SALT I (Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty)

US aid to Afghanistan caused ___ to collapse?

1979 SALT II

1981-86 US Budget rose from __ to __?

171-376bil

CIA aid to anti-Communist allies

Covert economic assistance to Solidarity Labour Movement in Poland led by Lech Walesa 

1981: When Polish dictator imposed martial law, US ___

Imposed economic sanctions on Poland and USSR 

1979-89 CIA sent $___ worth of ___ & ___ to ___ fighting Soviet-supported Afghanistan government

More than $2bil worth of weapons and economic assistance to Mujahideen guerrillas

Before Reagan: President + key policy

Carter 1979 Grain embargo

Reagan and oil

Supported Saudi Arabia’s increased oil supplies to direct world market away from Soviet oil

Result of altering production of oil

Soviet oil prices plummeted from 30/barrel to 12/barrel in 1986

Feature of Renewed Containment: Political

Reagan’s continued exaggerated rhetoric

1982 Speech: Quote to _____

“Regimes planted by bayonets do not take root” to British Parliament

1983 ____ Speech

Evil Empire

Carter pushed to boycott which Olympics?

1980 Moscow

Chernenko pushed to boycott which Olympics?

1984 LA

Reagan Victory School: Supporting arguments

Stretched Soviet economy to breaking point

“Stretched Soviet economy to breaking point” Evidence (2 points)

1. 1980-85 USSR raised defence spending from 22-27% of GDP, at the expense of its consumer and civilian industries 

2. Afghanistan cost $20bil annually

Reagan Victory School: Challenge arguments (3)

1. No sign of Soviets bending under pressure prior to Gorbachev: dependence on Soviet leadership role

2. USSR economy ironically more stable during Renewed Containment than post-1985

3. Pre-existing Brezhnev stagnation

(Domestic) POLITICAL reasons for Reagan’s reconciliation with Gorbachev (2nd term)

1984 Elections: Opposition Walter Mondale targeted Reagan’s inability to conclude major arms control agreements 

PERSONAL reasons for Reagan’s reconciliation with Gorbachev (2nd term)

Peacemaker wife Nancy

(Domestic) MILITARY reasons for Reagan’s reconciliation with Gorbachev (2nd term)

1982 George Shultz appointed, believed nuclear forces were equal and would enable safe negotiation (MAD)

(External) POLITICAL reasons for Reagan’s reconciliation with Gorbachev (2nd term)

Gorbachev in power from 1985

(External) MILITARY reasons for Reagan’s shift in stance

UN, NATO Able Archer 83, came close to sparking nuclear war

Years + Names of Superpower Summits (4)

1. 1985 Geneva

2. 1986 Reykjavik

3. 1987 Washington

4. 1989 Malta 

1985 Geneva Summit

Mutual acknowledgement of role in international peace

1986 Reykjavik Summit: Point of disagreement

SDI

1986 Reykjavik Summit: Success

Progress in INF talks

1987 Washington Summit: Key outcome

INF Treaty: destroying 5% of medium range weapons

1987 INF Treaty: Reagan’s hardline conditions (3)

1. Asymmetrical reductions

2. Exceptions for UK 

3. Went physically on site to check USSR’s reduction in nuclear forces

1989 Malta Summit: Key outcome

Conventional Forces of Europe (CFE): Reduced NATO, WP’s land-based forces

1990 key outcome

Chemical Weapons Accord

1991 key outcome

START I: reduced 95% of long-range weapons to reasonable sufficiency

Reagan’s economic aid programme to USSR

Kiss of Life: trade, aid, loans, investments to revive economy and encourage open market 

Why was Reagan’s ‘Kiss of Life’ insufficient to prevent collapse of USSR economy?

weak internal reforms

Reagan Victory School: Challenge arguments (2)

1. Reagan acted with hesitation, took cues from Gorbachev

2. Reagan’s hardline conditions delayed cooperation

Conclusion on Reagan’s role

Sustained and accelerated changes rather than initiating them 

1985: USSR GDP per capita ____ VS US at ____

7k VS 20k

USSR extensive military expenditure: Cost of arms race & expansive foreign policy was __% of Soviet GNP 

20%

Growing social divide under Brezhnev’s rule

Uneven privileges for elite nomenklatura: gained private access to shops, hospitals, limousines

Average worker earned ______ per month, while average nomenklatura earned _____ per month

195 roubles VS 750 roubles

Gorbachev’s actions (5)

1. Reduced Soviet obligation to 3W

2. Reduced traditional and nuclear arms 

3. New Thinking

4. Sinatra Doctrine 

5. glasnost, perestroika

Gorbachev pledged to extricate USSR from Afghanistan in ___

1988

Gorbachev restored friendship with PRC in ___

1989

Gorbachev’s major concessions at 1986 Reykjavik Summit

Asymmetrical reduction, on-site verification of reduction

Gorbachev’s major concession ___ in 1989 catalysing ___

Removed opposition to SDI, catalysed START I

Under Gorbachev, USSR nuclear stockpile fell in capacity by ___%

24%

Gorbachev’s firm commitment to arms reduction was crucial in ____

Dissolving initial Western distrust

New Thinking: Year

1987

1987 New Thinking: greater focus on _____

Universal human rights and values, peaceful coexistence rather than military competition

Sinatra Doctrine: year 

1989

1989 Sinatra Doctrine: allowed ___

EE to decide their own forms of government

1989 Sinatra Doctrine actively eliminated the _____, dissolving the _____

Brezhnev Doctrine, dissolving the Warsaw Pact

1989 Sinatra Doctrine allowed the emergence of _____

Popular movements 

Gorbachev repeatedly rejected Communist leaders ____ and ____ in suppressing swelling crowds

GDR Erich Honecker, Romania Ceausescu

Gorby’s domestic reforms in 1985

glasnost, perestroika

1985 glasnost: definition of ‘glasnost’

openness

1985 glasnost: allowed ___

freedom of speech

1985 perestroika: definition of ‘perestroika’

restructuring

1985 perestroika: aimed to ___

reform stagnating Soviet economy by introducing features of a market economy 

Soviet Initiative School: Supporting arguments (2)

1. Gorbachev started a trend previously absent in USSR and superpower relationships

2. Domestic reforms unleashed forces he was unable to control, catalysing a shift in focus to domestic issues 

Soviet Initiative School: Challenge arguments (3)

1. Needed a willing partner, US reciprocity 

2. Played an enabling role rather than an actively democratising one (PP)

3. Collapse of Communist regimes was an unintended consequence 

PP: Western movements

European Nuclear Disarmament, Direct Action Committee, Committee of 100

PP: Western movements (US scientific community + Congress) intensely opposed ___

SDI

PP: Chemist Linus Pauling’s credentials

Nobel Laureate, member of the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists 

PP: (Year) Linus Pauling presented petition to ____ to ____

1958 petition to UNSG to end nuclear testing 

PP: Linus Pauling’s research in the negative effects of nuclear testing

Formed the basis of the PNBT in 1963

PP: US Economic groups

1981 forced Reagan to reverse Carter’s 1979 Grain Embargo

Western PP: Stalemated which nuclear developments?

MX missiles, SDI funding and testing

Western PP: Supporting argument

Put pressure and raised awareness, expediting negotiations and stalemating some developments

Western PP: Exact magnitude is debatable and should not be overstated as

1. Ultimate change was in the hands of higher powers

2. Impact was less potent compared to EE PP

Western PP: Always present before 1985, only gained traction in early 1980s because of ___

developments in Europe (failure of INF negotiations) - dependent on external developments 

EE PP (Political): Long-standing dissent with forceful incorporation during Sovietisation (1945-48), unhappy with local emergence of repressive dictators (Mini-Stalins) → Past pretext of independence assertions 

1953 GDR Unrests, 1956 Poland and Hungary, 1968 Czechoslovakia (Prague)

EE PP movements existed early on, what allowed them to flourish? 

Gorbachev’s 1985 openness-focused reforms

EE PP (Socio-economic): Dissent with centralised economic control under ___

COMECON

EE PP (Socio-economic): Post-1985, states ___

gave more (taxes, profits) to Moscow than received

EE PP (Socio-economic): Reaction to food shortages and high food prices

1970s-81 Poland Shipyard Riots

EE PP (Religious): Strong local identities → Unhappy with ____

increasing migration of Russians to dilute and control them

EE PP (Religious): Why was Poland the key leading force of democratisation in EE?

More religiously homogenous, Pope John Paul II greater influence

EE PP: 5 notable states (in order)

Poland, Romania, Hungary, GDR, Czechoslovakia

EE PP: Poland’s notable developments

First to hold free elections in 1989, first non-communist

EE PP: Romania’s notable developments

1989 Anti-Ceausescu Coup

EE PP: Hungary’s notable developments

1989 Dismantled 240km section of Iron Curtain

1989 Hungary’s dismantling of a 240km-long barbed wire border with ___ allowed ___ to migrate to the West

Austria, GDR citizens

Which 2 states followed Hungary in opening borders?

GDR, Czechoslovakia

CW Tangible Markers: 1989 Sep Berlin Wall Crisis → More than __ East German refugees escaped to the West via opened Hungarian border

30k

CW Tangible Markers: Fall of the Berlin Wall 

1989 Nov