Chapter 1 - Introduction to the Human Body (multiple choice)

Metabolism

The sum of all the chemical process that occurs in the body

Responsiveness

Body's ability to detect and respond to external and internal changes

Movement

E.g., movement of the body, organs, tissues, cells, and subcellular structures

Growth

Increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of the existing cells and/or an increase in the number of cells

Differentiation

The development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

Reproduction

Formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement; the production of a new individual

Intracellular fluid

The fluid within body cells

Extracellular fluid

The fluid outside body cells

Receptor

A sensor or structure that detects changes in the internal or external environment (ex. themoreceptors in the skin)

Stimulus

A change in the environment that disrupts the controlled condition (ex. hot weather causes an increase in body temperature)

Controlled condition

A monitored variable that is being regulated to stay within a normal range (ex. body temperature, normally around 37°C)

Control Center

Processes input from receptors, compares it to a set point, and sends output signals to effectors (ex. brain)

Effector

A body structure that receives output signals from the control center and produces a response (ex. sweat glands and blood vessels)

Response

The action taken by the effector that alters the controlled condition (ex. sweating helps to cool down the body)

Positive feedback system

A system where the body's response will amplify the initial change

Negative feedback system

A system where the body's response will counteract the initial change

Aging

A progressive decline in the body's ability to restore homeostasis

Disorder

Any abnormality of structure or function

Disease

Illness characterized by a recognizeable set of signs and symptoms

Symptoms

Changes in body functions that are felt or reported (ex. headache)

Signs

Changes in body functions that can be measured or observed

Blood plasma

The fluid component of blood

Lymph

The fluid inside of lymph vessels

Anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Prone position

Lying face down

Supine

Lying face up

Cephalic

Head region

Cervical

Neck region

Trunk

Chest, abdomen, and pelvis region (base of the head to hips)

Directional terms

Used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another

Superior

Higher on the body, towards the head (ex. the heart is ________ to the liver)

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head (ex. the stomach is ________ to the lungs)

Proximal

Closer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk (ex. the bicep is ________ to the forearm)

Anterior (ventral)

Nearer to or at the front of the body (ex. the sternum is ________ to the heart)

Posterior (dorsal)

Nearer to or at the back of the body (ex. the esophagus is ________ to the trachea)

Medial

Nearer to the midline (ex. the heart is _________ to the lungs)

Lateral

Farther from the midline (ex. the lungs are ________ to the heart)

Intermediate

Between two structures (ex. the heart is __________ to the left and right lungs)

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body as another structure (ex. the right arm and right leg are __________)

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body from another structure (ex. the right arm and left leg are ___________)

Distal

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk (ex. the fingers are _________ to the wrist)

Superficial

Toward or on the surface of the body (ex. the ribs are _________ to the lungs)

Deep

Away from the surface of the body (ex. the heart is ________ to the ribs)

Planes

Imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body

Midsagittal (median) plane

Divides the body into equal right and left sides (passes through the midline)

Parasagittal (paramedian) plane

Divides the body into unequal right and left sides (does not pass through the midline)

Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse (axial) plane

Divides the body into top and bottom parts

Oblique plane

Passes through the body at an angle

Body cavities

Spaces within the body the help protect, separate, and support internal organs

How are homeostatic imbalances related to disorders?

They can occur due to disruptions from the external or internal environments

Homeostasis

The condition of equilibrium

Cranial cavity

Formed by cranial bones and protects the brain

Vertebral canal

Formed by vertebral column and protects spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

Thoracic cavity

Chest cavity that protects the heart and lungs and contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum

Pleural cavity

A space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung

Pericardial cavity

A space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart (ex. visceral pericardium)

Mediastinum

Central compartment of the thoracic cavity that encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and other organs

Abdominopelvic cavity

Contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs with the peritoneum as its serous membrane

Pelvic cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Peritoneum cavity

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

Retroperitoneal

The classification some organs are given because they are not surrounded by the peritoneum, rather, they are posterior to it

Inspection

To visually look at someone

Palpation

To use hands to feel parts of the body

Ausculation

To use a stethoscope to listen to body cavities

Percussion

To use hands or instruments to listen to sounds (ex. tapping the patient)

Symptoms of aging

Wrinkled skin, decreased lung capacity, decreased kidney function, increased susceptibility to infections and cancer, decreased production of some hormones, etc.

Midclavicular lines

Clavicle lines that divide the abdominopelvic cavity into three columns

Radiography

A single barrage of x-rays used to produce images through the body, useful for examining the breast and for determining bone density

MRI

Usually used to look at the brain, kidney, or liver to detect tumors, abnormalities and measure blood flow

CT scan

A series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and assembled to look for lung cancers, coronary artery disease and kidney cancers

Ultrasound

High-frequency sound waves used to create an image of a developing fetus and can check the size, location, and actions of organs and blood flow through blood vessels

CCTA scan

A contrast medium is injected into a vein, numerous x-ray beams use to look at the heart which is used to study the blood vessels and check for any coronary artery blockages

PET scan

The patient is injected with a radioactive substance which can create gamma rays to study the physiology of body structures (ex. metabolism in brain/heart)

Radionuclide scan

The patient is injected with a radioactive substance that directly emits gamma rays that are detected to study activity of a tissue or organ such as tumors in body tissue

Endoscopy

Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope

Components of the integumentary system

Skin, and associated structures ex. hair and fingernails

Components of the skeletal system

Bones, joints, and cartilages

Functions of the skeletal system

Supports and protects the body, and aids body movements

Components of the muscular system

Skeletal muscles

Functions of the muscular system

Movement and body heat

Components of the cardiovascular system

Blood, heart, and blood vessels

Functions of the integumentary system

Protects the body and helps regulate body temperature

Functions of the cardiovascular system

Transports blood, nutrients, and gases throughout the body

Components of the lymphatic and immune system

lymph, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils

Functions of the lymphatic and immune system

Filters body fluids and molecules and defends the body from invaders

Components of the respiratory system

Lungs, trachea, pharynx, larynx, and bronchial tubes

Functions of the respiratory system

Exchange gases between the body and the environment; disposes carbon dioxide waste

Anatomy

Study of structure

Physiology

Study of how body parts function

Anabolism

building up simple molecules into more complex molecules

Basic life processes

Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction

Catabolism

breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules

Levels of Structural Organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal

Angiogram

Intravenous urogram