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memory recall
remembering something with no hints
ex: free response questions
memory recognition
being able to pick something out of a set
ex: multiple choice questions
3 steps of memory
encode, storage, retrieval
effortful processing
mental processing that requires paying attention
hippocampus & frontal lobe
automatic processing
information one didn’t purposefully retain yet still does
cerebellum
explicit/declarative memories
formed by effortful processing
long term memory
implicit/non declarative memories
formed by automatic processing
types of explicit/declarative memories
episodic, autobiographical, sematic
episodic memories
stories from ones life they remember
autobiographical memories
memories of facts/details of past events
semantic memories
impersonal memories from common knowledge
types of implicit/non-declarative memories
procedural memories
procedural memories
skills so well learned they’re automatic and hard to explain because they come naturally
prospective memories
memories for future events (ie: dates)
higher order thinking
not implicit nor explicit
3 stage model of memory
sensory, short-term/working, long-term
LTP: long term potentiation
synaptic enhancement after learning
sensory memories
iconic & echoic
when not paid attention to, they disappear in seconds
ST/working memory
~10-30s
7±2 things can be used at once
central executive
place that monitors incoming information and decides where it should be processed
visuospatial sketchpad
the “minds eye”
deals with visual information
long term memory
infinite capacity
relearning
it is easier to retain information once it has been forgotten than when it is brand new
things encoded into LT automatically
space, time, frequency
depth of encoding
shallow - quickly forgotten
deep - stays longer— involves a thorough understanding
3 step process of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
(think computer model— keyboard, hard drive, screen)
recognition
being able to pick an answer out of a group (mcq’s)
recall
receiving something with effort (saq’s)
retrieval cues
things that pull memories out of LT
types of retrieval cues
state-dependent, cue-dependent, mood congruent
state-dependent recall
the physical/mental state one is in affects memory— being drunk when learning something will be remembered better when also drunk
mood congruent recall
memories learned in a certain mood recall better when in the same mood
serial position effect
when things are learned, the recall is better for those learned at the beginning and end of the session
metacognition
being aware of your own mind/thinking/learning style
mnemonics
associations of a concept with other things
chunking
grouping things together— like on a flowchart
method of loki
putting items in known locations and mentally going through them
link method
creating a mental image that has all things together
encoding failure
we do not remember what we don’t try to learn
storage decay
the forgetting curve
more things about something are forgotten over time
retrieval failure
stored memory that cannot me remembered
causes tip of tongue phenomenon
TOT
tip of tongue phenomenon
knowing the answer but having insufficient clues to move it to the working memory
repression
a theory
a defense mechanism of the brain to hide memories that cause harm
interference
learning information affects other information
proactive and retroactive
PORN
proactive, old
retroactive, new
proactive interference
old information damages new information
retroactive interference
new info affects old info
what can prevent retroactive interference?
sleep
Anterograde amnesia
cannot form new memories— has old memories
retrograde amnesia
cannot remember old memories— can make new ones
infantile amnesia
memories from before the age of about 4 do not exist
source amnesia
knowing information, but not knowing how one learned said info
memory construction
filling in incomplete memories with random information to make a cohesive narrative
misinformation effect
eyewitnesses change stories when asked questions, especially based on the way they are phrased
confabulation
thinking something seen/heard or not real happened to you
imagination inflation
vividly imagining something makes it likely later on we will believe it to be true
Note 
Flashcard (38)