Chapter 5.1 & 5.2 AP World

Age of Reason

Another name for the Enlightenment, characterized by an emphasis on reason and scientific thought.

Rationalism

Philosophical belief that reason is the primary source of knowledge and that individuals possess innate concepts.

Empiricism

Philosophical belief that experience and observation are the main sources of knowledge, denying the validity of innate concepts.

Social Contract

An unofficial agreement among individuals regarding the sharing of power and the purpose of government.

Philosophes

French intellectuals or philosophers who discussed and developed theories during the Enlightenment, often in coffee shops.

Thomas Hobbes

17th century British philosopher advocating for an absolute monarch as the solution for societal order.

John Locke

18th century British philosopher who introduced the idea of natural rights: life, liberty, and property, emphasizing government’s role in protecting these rights.

Baron de Montesquieu

French philosopher who advocated for separation of powers within government to prevent absolute monarchy.

Voltaire

French philosopher known for satire against monarchy, advocating for freedom of speech and religion.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher who believed government restricts natural freedom and wrote 'The Social Contract' expressing this idea.

Cesare Beccaria

Italian philosopher focused on the justice system who argued for fair and equal punishments.

Adam Smith

Economist known as the 'Godfather of Capitalism' who promoted laissez-faire economics with no government intervention.

Invisible Hand

A metaphor for the self-regulating nature of the marketplace, suggesting that individual self-interest benefits society as a whole.

Deism

Belief in a creator who does not intervene in the universe after its creation.

Feminism

Movement advocating for women's rights, particularly in education and personal autonomy.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention in the United States, held in 1848, which produced the Declaration of Sentiments.

Abolitionism

Movement aimed at ending slavery and promoting the rights of enslaved individuals.

Nationalism

Political ideology that emphasizes loyalty and devotion to a nation and has often been a source of conflict and competition.

Reign of Terror

Period during the French Revolution characterized by mass executions and radical political measures.

Haitian Revolution

The successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule.

Simón Bolívar

Key leader in the South American independence movements, known for liberating several countries from Spanish rule.

Utopian Socialists

Early 19th-century advocates for socialism who believed in creating ideal societies on a small scale.

Zionism

Movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, emerging in response to anti-Semitism.

Abolition Movement

Efforts in the 18th and 19th centuries to end slavery, motivated by moral and humanitarian beliefs.

Dreyfus Affair

A political scandal in France involving a Jewish army officer falsely accused of treason, highlighting anti-Semitism.

Economic Philosophy

Study of how economic systems operate and the principles governing the production and distribution of goods.