Chemistry Ch 4 - Solubility and Electrolytes, Precipitation Reactions

Solution

homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances. may be solid, liquid, or gaseous

Solvent

substance present in the greatest quantity

Solute

substances other than the solvent. Solutes are said to be dissolved in the solvent

Aqueous solution

a liquid solution in which the solvent is water

What is a solute?

the components of solution which is present in smaller amount

What is a solvent?

the components of solution which is present in larger amounts

What is an aqueous solution?

the solution which is formed by dissolving a substance in water. Water is the solvent!

Sugar: Covalent solute

• water molecules bump into solute

• water surrounds solute

• water carries solute into solution

In covalent solutes…

molecules do NOT break apart into atoms.

• dissolving doesn’t break covalent bonds inside molecule 

Ionic compounds

• are made of ions

• trillions of ions in a crystal

Ionic solutes

• individual ions get pulled apart

• Dissociation: ionic compounds separate into ions in solution

1) water molecules bump into crystal

2) water surrounds ions

3) ions are pulled apart into solution

Dissolving Covalent

• solutes stay molecules(remain intact)

C6H12O6(s) → C6H12O6(aq)

Dissolving Ionic

• solutes dissociate into ions

NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

Anything with Na is soluble, True or False?

True

Electrolyte

a substance that, when dissolved in water, conducts electricity

Non-electrolyte

a substance that does NOT conduct electricity when dissolved in water

Strong electrolytes

exist in solution, completely or nearly completely as ions. 

• all soluble salts

• all strong acids

• all strong bases (NaOH, LiOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2 )

Strong acids

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4

Weak electrolytes

solutes that exist in solution mostly in the form of molecules

• all weak acids

• all weak bases

If a compound is ionic it is a

strong electrolyte (ex: NaCl)

Compound is molecular and a base

weak electrolyte (Ex: NH3)

Compound is molecular, an acid, and part of the 7 strong acids.

strong electrolyte (Ex: HCl)

Compound is molecular, an acid, and NOT part of the 7 strong acids.

weak electrolyte (Ex: CH3COOH)

Compound is molecular and neither an acid or base.

(Ex: CH3OH)

Precipitate

insoluble solid compound that forms during a reaction

Spectator ions

those ions which do not participate in a reaction