APWH U3 VOCAB

Absolutism

Type of government emphasizing Divine Right and total control by a King

Anglican Church

Protestant Church established by King Henry VIII in England

Cardinal Richelieu

French clergyman and statesman, Chief Minister to King Louis XIII

Castes

Social groupings designated at birth for Hindus, also known as jatis

Catherine the Great

Ruler of Russia who doubled its size and had military knowledge

Catholic Reformation

Catholic attempt to address internal issues and counter Protestant Reformation

Charles I

King of England legally tried and executed for treason

Charles V

Emperor of Spain, Austria, Holy Roman Empire, and Burgundy

Cossacks

Peasants in Russia combining agriculture with military conquests

Council of Trent

Corrected Catholic Church abuses and reaffirmed rituals like marriage

Czar

Russian term for Emperor, derived from Caesar

Daimyo

Powerful noble in early modern Japan

Devshirme

Ottoman system of training children for administrative roles

Diet of Worms

Assembly where Martin Luther was ordered to recant

Divine Right

Belief that a specific king is chosen by God to rule

Edict of Nantes

Issued by King Henry IV, granting religious freedom to Huguenots

Emperor Kangxi

Qing dynasty emperor who expanded China's borders

Emperor Qianlong

Qing Emperor who refused to liberalize trade with Europe

Empiricism

View that knowledge comes from experience and observation

English Bill of Rights

Document limiting the Monarch's power and granting rights to the Middle Classes

English Civil War

Conflict between English Parliament and Royalty

Grand Vizier

Chief minister in the Ottoman Empire

Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires relying on gunpowder

Gutenberg Printing Press

Invention enabling mass book production

The Harem Apartment

Private living quarters of rulers in Ottoman Empire

Henry VIII

King of England who established the Anglican Church

Heresy

Belief contradicting accepted Christian doctrine

Hidden Imam

Shi'ite belief in the return of a messiah

Imam

Muslim mosque prayer leader

Indulgences

Papers sold for forgiveness of sins

Infidel

Non-believer in a particular faith

Inquisitions

Tribunals for prosecuting heresy charges

Intendants

Royal officials in France executing central government orders

Isfahan

Capital of Iran during the Safavid Empire

Ismail

Safavid military hero who conquered Persia

Istanbul

Name for Constantinople under Ottoman rule

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

Absolute ruler of Russia

Janissaries

Elite troops loyal to the Ottoman sultan

Jesuits

Religious order opposing Protestantism

John Calvin

Founder of the Calvinist Church

Jizya

Tax on non-Muslims in Islamic lands

Justices of the Peace

Officials maintaining peace in England

Kabuki

Japanese theater form

Limited Monarchy

Monarchy ruled with limits by Parliament

Louis XIV

French king epitomizing Absolutism

Macao

Chinese city under Qing Dynasty and Portuguese

Manchuria

Region in northeast China

Manchus

Ethnic minority ruling China

Martin Luther

German monk starting Protestant Reformation

Mateo Ricci

Jesuit priest in China missions

Mehmet II

Ottoman ruler capturing Constantinople

Millets

Ottoman community self-rule courts

Mughal Empire

Muslim empire in India

Muscovy

Russian principality during Mongol era

Ninety-five Theses

Martin Luther's grievances starting Reformation

Oliver Cromwell

English military dictator after defeating Charles I

Ottoman Empire

Turkish empire in Middle East and North Africa

Peace of Augsburg

German states choosing Catholicism or Lutheranism

Peace of Westphalia

allowed people religious options for Holy Roman Empire areas

Peter the Great

Russian czar who built St. Petersburg and westernized Russia

Philip II

Spanish king taking over from Charles V

Puritans

English Church reformers

Predestination

Belief in God's predetermined salvation

Propaganda

Biased information for political purposes

Protestant Reformation

Movement breaking from Catholic Church

Qing Empire

Chinese dynasty from 1644 to 1911

Rajputs

Indian regional princes emphasizing military control

Ronin

Japanese warriors made unemployed by developments in the early modern era, since samurai were forbidden to engage in commerce