APWH U3 VOCAB

 

  1. Absolutism: type of government stressing Divine Right and total control by a King

  2. Anglican Church: the Protestant Church created by King Henry VIII in England

  3. Anne Boleyn: second wife of King Henry VIII

  4. Cardinal Richelieu: a French clergyman, nobleman, and statesman, serving as King Louis XIII's Chief Minister from 1624

  5. Castes: also called jatis, strict social groupings designated at birth for Hindus

  6. Catherine the Great: Ruler of Russia, absolutely, after her husband died and doubled its size due to her military knowledge

  7. Catholic Reformation: the Catholic attempt to fix their own problems and combat Protestant Reformation

  8. Charles I: King of England who was legally tried and executed for treason

  9. Charles V: Emperor of Spain, New Spain, Austria, Holy Roman Empire and Burgundy

  10. Cossacks: peasants recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia and who combined agriculture with military conquests

  11. Council of Trent: (1545-1563) corrected some of the worst of the Catholic church’s abuses and focused on reaffirming rituals such as marriage

  12. Czar: The Russian word for Emperor (Caesar)

  13. Daimyo: A powerful noble in early modern Japan

  14. Devshirme: in the Ottoman Empire, a system (literally, "collection") of training talented children to be administrators or members of the sultan's harem. originally meritocratic, by the seventeenth century it had degenerated into a hereditary caste

  15. Diet of Worms: assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw

  16. Divine Right: the idea pushing Absolutism which says that God chose a specific king to rule

  17. Edict of Nantes: issued by King Henry IV and allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith

  18. Emperor Kangxi: emperor of Qing dynasty, greatly expanded China's borders

  19. Emperor Qianlong: Emperor who reigned from 1736-1795. He was approached by Lord Macartney about liberalizing the trade restrictions but turned down the offer claiming that Europe had nothing to offer China

  20. Empiricism: the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

  21. English Bill of Rights: English document which creates a separation of powers by using Parliament to limit the Monarch and grants more basic rights to the Middle Classes

  22. English Civil War: Fight between English Parliament and Royalty over political issues (1642-1649)

  23. Grand Vizier: the chief minister in the Ottoman Empire, under the Great Sultan

  24. Gunpowder Empires: The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires which relied heavily on gunpowder and firearms

  25. Gutenberg Printing Press: allowed books to be printed instead of hand written and increased literacy

  26. Harem: the private living quarters of a ruler such as the sultan in the Ottoman Empire or the caliph of Baghdad. generally large and mostly inhabited by the extended family

  27. Henry VIII: King of England who created the Anglican Church so he could get a divorce from his wife and find another woman who could provide him with an heir

  28. Heresy: an idea or belief that goes against accepted Christian belief

  29. Hidden Imam: part of Shi'ite teaching that claims that all rulers appointed are temporary "fill ins" for the 12th descendent of Ali who is expected to return as a messiah

  30. Imam: Person who leads prayer in a Muslim mosque

  31. Indulgences: piece of paper someone could buy to be forgiven of sins

  32. Infidel: someone who does not believe the way someone else does; one of no faith

  33. Inquisitions: tribunals for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy

  34. Intendants: royal officials in France sent out to provinces to execute orders of the central government

  35. Isfahan: capital city of Iran during the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas I in 1598

  36. Ismail: early Safavid military hero who conquered most of Persia and pushed into Iraq

  37. Istanbul: the new name given to Constantinople when the Ottoman Empire conquered it

  38. Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible): absolute king Russia who first used the term "Czar" and had two distinct periods of rule

  39. Janissaries: an elite core of eight thousand troops personally loyal to the sultan of the Ottoman Empire

  40. Jesuits: religious order founded in 1540 that opposed the spread of Protestantism

  41. John Calvin: the founder of the Calvinist Church in Geneva Switzerland

  42. Jizya: tax levied by Islamic stats on certain non-Muslim subjects (dhimmis) who were permanently residing in Muslim lands under Islamic law

  43. Justices of the Peace: officials selected by the landed gentry to maintain peace in the countries of England and carry out the monarch’s laws

  44. Kabuki: a form of Japanese theater that developed in the seventeenth century. Originally disreputable, it became a highly stylized art form

  45. Limited Monarchy: government in which a King rules with a Parliament who limits his power

  46. Louis XIV: French king who is considered to be the best example of Absolutism due to how much control he had over his kingdom

  47. Macao: Chinese shipping city under the Qing Dynasty and Portuguese

  48. Manchuria: A region of northeast China and the home of the Manchus who ruled China from 1644-1912

  49. Manchus: ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name

  50. Martin Luther: German monk who began Protestant Reformation with his written work, 95 Theses

  51. Mateo Ricci: an Italian Jesuit priest who was one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions. His 1602 map of the world in Chinese characters introduced the findings of European exploration to East Asia

  52. Mehmet II: ruler of the Ottoman Empire from 1451 who wanted to capture Constantinople and topple the Byzantine Empire

  53. Millets: independent court of law in which members of the Ottoman community could have self-rule

  54. Mughal Empire: Muslim empire ruling India from the 16th to 18th centuries

  55. Muscovy: the Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination from 1276 to 1598

  56. Ninety-five Theses: the list of grievances written by Martin Luther, which began the Reformation

  57. Oliver Cromwell: a soldier who defeated Charles I during the English Civil War and then created a military dictatorship

  58. Ottoman Empire: Turkish empire in the Middle East and North Africa from 1453-1918

  59. Peace of Augsburg: each German state could choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran

  60. Peace of Westphalia: allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to select one of three religious options: Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism

  61. Peter the Great: Russian czar who built St. Petersburg and westernized Russia

  62. Philip II: took over Spain in 1555 from his father Charles V

  63. Puritans: non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England

  64. Predestination: The idea that God chose in advance who would be saved and who would not

  65. Propaganda: Information of a biased nature, used to promote a particular political cause

  66. Protestant Reformation: Religious movement when people broke away from the Catholic Church

  67. Qing Empire: Chinese dynasty lasting from 1644 to 1911

  68. Rajputs: regional princes in western India who emphasized military control of their regions

  69. Ronin: Japanese warriors made unemployed by developments in the early modern era, since samurai were forbidden to engage in commerce

  70. Safavid Empire: Muslim Empire in Persia from 1501-1722

  71. Serfs: peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of feudalism

  72. Shah: the title a king takes in the Safavid Empire

  73. Shah Abbas I: ruler of the Safavid Empire from 1588-1629 during its height

  74. Sharia: a strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life, such as criminal justice, marital laws, and inheritance

  75. Shi’ite: one of the sects of Islam

  76. Sikhism: developed from Hinduism and may have been influenced by the Islamic mysticism known as Sufism

  77. Simony: buying or selling of something spiritual or closely connected with the spiritual

  78. Spanish Inquisition: organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out heretical or contrary opinions from Protestants, Jews, and Muslims

  79. Suleiman the Magnificent: tenth and longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire

  80. Sultan: the title a king takes in the Ottoman Empire

  81. Sunni Ali: king of the Songhai Empire in sub-Saharan Africa that controlled Timbuktu in the 15th century

  82. Taj Mahal: located in Agra, India, this structure was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, to house the tomb of his favorite wife

  83. Tamerlane: Timur the Lame, a Mongol Turkic ruler who invaded Central Asia and the Middle East setting the stage for the rise of the Turkic Empires

  84. Thirty Years’ War: war between Catholics and Protestants in and around the Holy Roman Empire

  85. Tokugawa Ieyasu: the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which effectively ruled Japan from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868

  86. Versailles: the palace of French King Louis XIV

  87. Zamindars: Indian tax collectors who were assigned land from which they kept part of the revenue

  88. Zheng He: a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty