Grade 10 Physical Science

Grade 10 Physical Science Lecture Notes

A __ is a single disturbance in a medium.

pulse

A __ pulse is a pulse in which the particles of the medium move at right angles to the direction of motion of the pulse.

transverse

__ is the maximum disturbance of a particle from its rest (equilibrium) position.

Amplitude

The __ of superposition is the algebraic sum of the amplitudes of two pulses that occupy the same space at the same time.

principle

__ interference is the phenomenon where the crest of one pulse overlaps with the crest of another to produce a pulse of increased amplitude.

Constructive

__ interference is the phenomenon where the crest of one pulse overlaps with the trough of another, resulting in a pulse of reduced amplitude.

Destructive

A __ wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate at right angles to the direction of motion of the wave.

transverse

__: The distance between two successive points in phase.

Wavelength

__: The number of wave pulses per second.

Frequency

__: The time taken for one complete wave pulse.

Period

__: The maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position.

Amplitude

Highest point (peak) on a wave is called ___.

Crest

Lowest point on a wave is called __.

Trough

Two points in are separated by a whole number (1; 2; 3; …) multiple of complete wavelengths.

phase

Points that are not separated by a whole number multiple of complete wavelengths are called _.

Out of phase

_speed is the distance travelled by a point on a wave per unit time.

Wave

A __ wave as a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the direction of motion of the wave.

longitudinal

_ is a region of high pressure in a longitudinal wave.

Compression

__ is a region of low pressure in a longitudinal wave.

rarefaction

Sound waves are _ waves.

longitudinal

_ is the effect produced in the ear due to the sound of a particular frequency.

Pitch

__ is a subjective term describing the strength of the ear's perception of a sound.

Loudness

Sound with frequencies higher than 20 kHz up to about 100 kHz are __.

ultrasound

The source of electromagnetic waves is an ___ charge.

accelerating

__ is study of charges at rest

Electrostatics

__ is a type of contact electrification in which certain materials become electrically charged after they come into contact with different materials and are then separated (such as through rubbing)

Tribo-electric charging

__: The partial or complete polar separation of positive and negative electric charge in a system.

Polarisation

The net charge of an isolated system remains __ during any physical process

constant

All charges in the universe consist of an integer multiple of the charge on one __.

electron

___: No flow of charge

Open circuit

___: Charges flow

Closed circuit

The potential difference between the ends of a conductor is equal the energy transferred per unit electric charge flowing through it is called ___

Potential difference.

__ is rate of flow of charge

Current

The current in a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided its __ remains constant.

temperature

__ is the extent to which a resistor limits the flow of charge in it

Resistance

can be divided into mixtures and pure substances

Materials

___ are pure substances which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical methods

Elements

A __ is defined as a pure substance consisting of two or more different elements

compound

Electrical __ are materials that allow the flow of charge.

conductors

Electrical ___ is a material that prevents the flow of charge

insulator

A thermal _ is a material that allows heat to pass through easily, whilst a thermal insulator does not allow heat to pass through it

conductor

__ is the movement of atoms or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Diffusion

___ are atoms of the same element having the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons

Isotopes

__ atomic mass is the mass of a particle on a scale where an atom of carbon-12 has a mass of 12.

Relative

The __ number (Z) is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic

The __ number (A) is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

mass

__ is the repetition of similar properties in chemical elements, as indicated by their positioning in the periodic table

Periodicity

Define a __ bond as a mutual attraction between two atoms resulting from the simultaneous attraction between their nuclei and the outer electrons.

chemical

A __ dot diagram is a structural formula in which valence electrons are represented by dots or crosses

Lewis

__ bonding is the transfer of electrons to form cations (positive ions) and anions (negative ions) that attract each other to form a formula-unit

Ionic

is the bond between positive ions and delocalised valence electrons in a metal

Metallic bonding

change: No new substances are formed, mass, numbers of atoms and molecules are conserved

Physical

___ change: Involves change of materials into another, new materials with different properties and one or more than one substance formed

Chemical

In a chemical reaction, the sum of the mass of the reactants equal the sum of the mass of the products is called law of ___ .

conservation of matter

The law of ___ states that no matter how a chemical compound is prepared, it always contains the same elements in the same ratio.

Constant Composition

___- means to make something or build

Synthesis

- means to break something down

Decomposition

___ quantity - A physical quantity with magnitude only

Scalar

_ Quantity -A physical quantity with both magnitude and direction

Vector

The total path length travelled is called ___ .

Distance

The change in position of an object is called ___.

Displacement

The rate of change of position is called ___.

Average velocity

The rate of change of velocity is called ___.

Acceleration

__ velocity: The rate of change in position, i.e. the displacement divided by a very small time interval or the velocity at a particular time.

Instantaneous

speed: The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity

Instantaneous

___ potential energy – energy an object has because of its position in the gravitational field relative to some reference point

Gravitational

_ energy – energy an object possesses because of its motion

Kinetic

__ energy – the sum of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy

Mechanical

The total energy of an isolated system remains __.

constant

The total _ energy in an isolated system remains constant.

mechanical

In a reaction between two substances, one reaction is likely to be used up completely before the other and this limit the amount of product formed. This is called ___ .

Limiting Reaction