AP Psych: Social Psychology Unit

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Social Psychology

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94 Terms

1

Social Psychology

Scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2

Social Categorization

organize people into groups based on common characteristics (age, gender, race, occupation, etc)

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3

Implicit Personality Theory

General expectations that we build around a person after we know something of their central traits

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4

Personal Perception

The different mental processes that we use to form impressions of other people

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5

Attribution Theory

How we explain behavior (Fritz Heider)

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6

Dispositional Rationale

Crediting behavior to someone’s stable enduring (personality) traits (Internal)

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7

Situational Rationale

Crediting someone’s behavior to the situation they are in (External)

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8

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

The tendency to overestimate one’s dispositional rationale while underestimating one’s situational rationale when explaining someone else’s behavior

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9

Actor-Observer Bias

The tendency to blame situational factors for your own behavior, but attributing dispositional factors to the behavior of others (When comparing yourself to others)

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10

Self-Serving Bias

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably (Individualistic Cultures)

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11

Self-effacing (Modesty) Bias

Tendency to give the group credit for successes while blaming oneself for failures (Collectivist Cultures)

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12

Saliency Bias

Tendency to focus on the single most noticeable factor when explaining the causes of behavior

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13

Attitudes

Feelings (often influenced by our beliefs) that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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14

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as the speaker’s attractiveness, and respond with favorable thoughts

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15

Central Route to Persuasion

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments made, and respond with favorable thoughts

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16

Rule of Reciprocity

Obligation to return a favor (Door-in-the-face, that’s not all technique)

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17

Door-in-the-face

A large and unreasonable request followed by a smaller request, promoting a sense of false compromise

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18

That’s not all technique

Makes an initial offer, and then improves upon it

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19

Rule of Commitment

Psychological and interpersonal pressure to behave consistently with an earlier commitment (foot-in-the-door, low ball)

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20

Foot-in-the-door

Small request followed by a second larger request, pressuring you to behave consistently

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21

Low Ball

Understating the cost/details of a product, pull out/change offer at the last moment, you feel compelled to stay keep committed

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22

Role

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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23

Power of the Situation

People change the way they act based on the environments they are placed in and the roles they play in those environments

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24

Cognitive Dissonance

The theory that we act to reduce discomfort when we feel two of our thoughts (or thoughts and actions) are inconsistent because it creates internal tension

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25

Norms

Understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

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26

Social Contagion

The spread of ideas, attitudes, or behavior patterns in a group through imitation and conformity

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27

Chameleon Effect

Tendency to unconsciously mimic the minor actions of others

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28

Mood Contagion

Tendency to take on the emotional tones of those around us

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29

Positive Herding

Social networks that serve as contagious pathways for moods

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30

Mirror Neurons

Brain cells that fire when you do an action and when watching someone else do that same action

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31

Conformity

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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32

Asch

Ran the Line Conformity Experiment

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33

Zimbardo

Ran the Stanford Prison Experiment

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34

Normative Social Influence

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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35

Informational Social Influence

Influence resulting from the assumption that others hold more accurate/relevant information than you do

(one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality)

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36

Obedience

Behavior in compliance with a direct command, often one issued by a person in a position of authority

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37

Milgram

Obedience shock experiment

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38

Proximity

One is more likely to be obedient if orders are given by an authority figure close at hand

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39

Prestige/Power

If orders are given by a powerful or trusted institution, they are more likely to be obedient

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40

Depersonalize/Distance

If one is removed from the consequences of their actions, they are more likely to be obedient.

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41

Lack of disobedience

If an entire group is obeying orders, one is much more likely to be obedient than if there are models of defiance

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42

Social Control

The power of the situation

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43

Personal Control

The power of the individual

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44

Minority Influence

The power of 1 or 2 individuals to sway majorities

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45

Reactance

Doing the opposite of what we are expected or pressured to do in order to reassert one’s freedom

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46

Social Facilitation

Improved performance of simple or well-learned tasks when in the presence of others

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47

Social Inhibition

Decreased performance on new or difficult tasks when in the presence of others

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48

Social Striving

The tendency to give more effort when part of a group than when working individually

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49

Social Loafing

The tendency to exert less effort when in a group than when held individually accountable

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50

Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness & self-restraint which often occurs when in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity

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51

Group Polarization

The radicalization/enhancement of one’s prevailing inclinations through discussion with agreeing parties

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52

Group Think

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in the group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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53

Cultural Influence

Behaviors, ideals, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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54

Prejudice

An unjustifiable (typically negative) attitude toward a group and its members

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55

Stereotypes

A generalized (sometimes accurate but typically overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

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56

Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

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57

Ethnocentrism

Assuming the superiority of one’s own (ethnic) group

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58

Patronization

Low expectations of minorities leading to inflated praise and insufficient criticism

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59

Implicit Prejudice

Unknown negative associations towards another group and its members

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60

Just-World phenomenon

The tendency for people to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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61

In-group Bias

People with whom we share a common identity and therefore see as more favorable and diverse

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62

Out-group Bias

Those perceived as different or apart from our “in-group” who we tend to see as homogeneous and unfavorable

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63

Scapegoat Theory

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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64

Other-race effect

The (unconscious) tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

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65

Victim Blaming

We tend to blame the victims of misfortunes for having caused their own misfortunes

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66

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

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67

Testosterone

Biochemical hormone which leads to increased aggression

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68

Frusturation-Aggression

The idea that blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal creates an anger which can generate aggressive behavior

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69

Aversive Stimuli

Factors like heat, crowds, pain, or smoke which evoke hostility or aggression

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70

Social Script

A culturally modeled guide for how to act in certain scenarios

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71

Mere Exposure Effect

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to someone increases our liking of them

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72

Halo Effect

The positive association between attractiveness and goodness, health, happiness, honesty, and success

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73

Similarity

Similar views among individuals causes the bonds of attraction between them to strengthen

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74

Reward Theory of Attraction

We like those whose behavior is rewarding to us, including those who are both able & willing to help us achieve our goals

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75

Passionate Love

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship

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76

Companionate Love

The deep affection we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

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77

Equity

When people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they put into it

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78

Self-disclosure

The act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others

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79

Expectancy Value Theory

People decide to pursure relationships with people by weighing the potential value of a relationship with them against their chances of success

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80

Altruism

An unselfish regard for the welfare of others

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81

Diffusion of Responsibility

With each person added to the responsibility to help, people feel less individually responsible to actually provide assistance

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82

Bystander Effect

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

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83

Social Exchange Theory

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

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84

Reciprocity Norm

The expectation that people will help (not hurt) those who have previously helped them, and that we will in turn help those who have once helped us

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85

Social-Responsibility Norm

The expectation that people will help those who need out help (espcially young children and the elderly)

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86

Conflict

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goal, or ideals

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87

Social Traps

Situations where by pursuing their self-interest rather than the good of the group, conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior

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88

Mirror-image perceptions

Mutual views held by conflicting parties, when each side sees themselves as ethical and peaceful, but the other side as evil and aggressive

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89

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

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90

Superordinate Goals

Shared difficulties that override differences between groups by requiring the cooperation of both parties

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91

Sherif

Ran the Robbers Cave experiment

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92

Autocratic/Authoritarian

Leadership style which involves a controlling leader who provides specific instructions to their group: Most efficient style, but least cooperative & creative

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93

Democratic Leadership

Leadership style in which the leader offers guidance to group members, but allows them to participate and have imput: Most effective, engaging, and cooperative

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94

Laissez-Faire Leadership

Leadership style in which the leader offers little to no guidance and leaves decision making up to the group: Least productive style which puts more demand on the leader

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