Studied by 11 people
Nicolaus Copernicus
Heliocentric Model of the Universe
Johannes Kepler
Heliocentric Model but created 3 laws of planetary movement(ellipsis, closer to the sun and time to rotate)
Galileo
Used a telescope to observe heliocentric model—>wasn’t purely theoretical anymore(imprisoned for beliefs)
Issac Newton
Laws of Gravity, Universal Gravity(directly proportional stuff on earth)
Paracelsus
Diseased cause by Chemical imbalance
Audreas Vesalius
Body dissection(unheard of and illegal by chruch)
William Harvey
Circulatory System(1 system of blood for the whole body)
Francis Bacon
Empiricism—>observe small parts then general
Descartes
Deductive Reasoning—>doubt until undoubtable
Tycho Brahe
Built and observatory in Europe and proved Copernicus theory. Collected Data on the universe.
John Locke
Humans in State of Nature. Humans are good but have no protection.
Govs. provide rule of law but only with the consent of the governed
Natural Rights “Life. Liberty and property”
Social Contract-People agree to obey only if gov protects the natural rights
Right to Rebellion—>People can rebel if rights aren’t protected
Don’t undermine Christianity(sinful)
for change to occur people need to be educated
Voltaire
religious toleration
desim
He advocated “enlightened despotism” (a more
benevolent form of absolutism) believing that people
were incapable of governing themselves.
Development of reason
Men and women are capable of the same things
No oppression in France
Baron de Montesquieu
Spirit of Laws- gov. should be in three branches(monarch, nobility, rest of population
checks and balances for branches
Liberty needs to be acknowledged
large empires=fear of people to rule
French nobility should have a larger role in gov
Jean- Jacques Rousseau
general will(consensus of majority should control the nation)
believed that man in a simpler state of nature was good—a “noble savage”—and was corrupted by the materialism of civilization.
Progressive Education, self-expression and encouraged
Denis Diderot
The multi-volume tome was perhaps the greatest and
most representative work of the philosophes.
limits of control
respect/consent from gov
-natural rights shouldn’t be controlled
Condemned Christianity as fantastical and unreasonable(all religions but christianity the worse)
Marquis di Beccaria
He sought to humanize criminal law based on
Enlightenment concepts of reason and equality before
the law.
Social rules
Just punishment
Adam Smith
-Wealth of Nations
Laissez-Faire physiocrats(agriculture was the source to all wealth)
gov shouldn’t be absolutist(free to natural liberty)
attack on mercantilism
FREE TRADE
3 functions of gov(to protect, defend from injustice and keep up public works)
Baron Paul D’holback
Strict Atheism
-humans are like machines and completely driven by outside forces.
Wollstoncraft
-fonder on modern European feminism
If women aren’t equal then in contradicts enlightium
subjection of women to men is wrong
-equal rights to men in economic education and political life ventures.
Blaise Pascal
strict empiricism and controlled experiments
Astell
Women needed to better educated(men would resent this)
-equality of sex in marriage
