Enlightenment/Scientific Rev Thinkers

Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus

Heliocentric Model of the Universe

Johannes Kepler

Heliocentric Model but created 3 laws of planetary movement(ellipsis, closer to the sun and time to rotate)

Galileo

Used a telescope to observe heliocentric model—>wasn’t purely theoretical anymore(imprisoned for beliefs)

Issac Newton

Laws of Gravity, Universal Gravity(directly proportional stuff on earth)

Paracelsus

Diseased cause by Chemical imbalance

Audreas Vesalius

Body dissection(unheard of and illegal by chruch)

William Harvey

Circulatory System(1 system of blood for the whole body)

Francis Bacon

Empiricism—>observe small parts then general

Descartes

Deductive Reasoning—>doubt until undoubtable

Tycho Brahe

Built and observatory in Europe and proved Copernicus theory. Collected Data on the universe.

John Locke

• Humans in State of Nature. Humans are good but have no protection.

• Govs. provide rule of law but only with the consent of the governed

• Natural Rights “Life. Liberty and property”

• Social Contract-People agree to obey only if gov protects the natural rights

• Right to Rebellion—>People can rebel if rights aren’t protected

• Don’t undermine Christianity(sinful)

• for change to occur people need to be educated

Voltaire

• religious toleration

• desim

• He advocated “enlightened despotism” (a more

  benevolent form of absolutism) believing that people

  were incapable of governing themselves.

• Development of reason

• Men and women are capable of the same things

• No oppression in France

Baron de Montesquieu

Spirit of Laws- gov. should be in three branches(monarch, nobility, rest of population

• checks and balances for branches

• Liberty needs to be acknowledged

• large empires=fear of people to rule

• French nobility should have a larger role in gov

Jean- Jacques Rousseau

• general will(consensus of majority should control the nation)

• believed that man in a simpler state of nature was good—a “noble savage”—and was corrupted by the materialism of civilization.

• Progressive Education, self-expression and encouraged

Denis Diderot

• The multi-volume tome was perhaps the greatest and

  most representative work of the philosophes.

• limits of control

• respect/consent from gov

• -natural rights shouldn’t be controlled

• Condemned Christianity as fantastical and unreasonable(all religions but christianity the worse)

Marquis di Beccaria

• He sought to humanize criminal law based on

  Enlightenment concepts of reason and equality before

  the law.

• Social rules

• Just punishment

Adam Smith

-Wealth of Nations

Laissez-Faire physiocrats(agriculture was the source to all wealth)

• gov shouldn’t be absolutist(free to natural liberty)

• attack on mercantilism

• FREE TRADE

• 3 functions of gov(to protect, defend from injustice and keep up public works)

Baron Paul D’holback

Strict Atheism

-humans are like machines and completely driven by outside forces.

Wollstoncraft

-fonder on modern European feminism

If women aren’t equal then in contradicts enlightium

subjection of women to men is wrong

-equal rights to men in economic education and political life ventures.

Blaise Pascal

• strict empiricism and controlled experiments

Astell

Women needed to better educated(men would resent this)

-equality of sex in marriage