AP WORLD— Cold War and Decolonization Unit 8

African National Congress (ANC) 1912

Formation of this began political activity on the part of blacks

Afrikaners

South African whites

• strengthened laws separating blacks and whites in a system of racial segregation known as apartheid

Apartheid : policies**

• Education

• Separate Facilities

• Travel

• Marriage (innteracial = illegal)

• Communities (Homelands)

Homelands

Black Africans were forced to resettle in areas with the worst farmland

Sharpeville Massacre (1960)

South African police opened fire on people who were leading a peaceful march.

• 69 people were killed, many of whom were shot in the back.

Umkhoto

an organization to plan “sabotage” against the government

• formed by ANC

1994

South Africa held its 1^st election where people of all races could vote.

Nelson Mandela

Leader of the ANC; becomes South Africa’s 1^st black President

• Faced many problems

  • Possible redistribution of a nation’s resources

  • Racial reconciliation

  • Ending disputes between different groups

• Pursued:

  • Economic development

  • Health reforms

  • Economic reforms

Soweto Uprising 1976

Government tried to force the use of Afrikaans (language of Afrikaners) in black schools

• Rioting spread throughout the nation. 

1989

White South Africans elected F.W. De Klerk as president

F.W De Klerk

• Repealed all apartheid legislation

• Released Nelson Mandela and other political leaders from prison

• Worked with Mandela and created a new constitution and a peaceful transition to a democratic multi-racial nation

Taliban

Fundamentalist Islamic Government in Afghanistan.

• Allowed Al Qaeda to use bases to plan terrorist attacks.

Shariah

Strict Islamic law

• believed in by Taliban

Osama Bin Laden

Al Queda’s Leader

• Killed by U.S forces in 2011

Leonid Brezhnev

The Soviet economy stagnated from the 1960s onward under this leader

Mikhail Gorbachev

1985 allowed for the lifting of the Iron Curtain and the creation of new democracies in Eastern Europe

• Openness to democratic ideas (glasnost)

• Reshaping of economy and government (perestroika)

Lech Walesa

Formed an independent trade union, Solidarity

The Berlin Wall 1989

Was knocked down in 1989

• People were trapped in east Germany

Helmut Kohl

helped negotiate the reunification of Germany

• Became an official in 1990

Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.)

Formed in 1991 when Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine declared independence

• The former Soviet Union was dead

Boris Yeltsin

President that quickly took steps to reform the economy of the Russian Republic

• Ended price controls on most goods

• Privatized state-owned businesses

  • Economy failed to improve (inflation)

  • High unemployment

  • Declining health care

  • Malnutrition

Shock Therapy

free market system

Vladimir Putin

Russian president

• Took steps to strengthen state authority

• Cooperated in the global war on Terrorism

• Russo-Ukrainian War (2022)

Chiang Kai Shek

Nationalist leader of the Guomindang Party who united China in 1928

• Faced a constant struggle with communist and Japanese invaders

Mao Zedong

Communist Leader

• Re-education- communist beliefs become required learning

• Elimination of the capitalist class

• Family authority replaced by authority of communist party

• 1956- Mao forced peasants onto cooperative farms where families shared work and divided the crops

• Families merged into larger communes

  • Mao’s “Little Red Book” spread his ideology

Long March (1934-1935)

Strategic retreat that cemented Mao’s status

• Communist and nationalist united to defeat Japan

• Japan was defeated, fighting between communist and nationalist resumed

Taiwan

Creation of “Two Chinas”

• Mao’s communist China and Chiang’s nationalist China

• Shek Retreated here

People’s Republic of China

Communist China

• was not allowed to join the United Nations

Great Leap Forward (1958)

Plan to modernize China and turn China into an industrial power

• Built roads, dams, bridges, and factories

  • High cost led to an economic crisis

Sino-Soviet Split (1962)

Mao put down Khrushchev’s reforms in the Soviet Union leading to disagreements between China and the Soviet Union

• Creates a bid for leadership of the communist movement

Cultural Revolution

Hides the mistakes of the Great Leap Forward

• led to shortages of food and goals

Red Guards

Mao gathers 11 million students to meet in Beijing

• Eventually they got out of control and Mao needed to use his army to control them

• were sent to farms to worK

Ho Chi Minh

Leader of Communist North Vietnam

• Received aid from China and the Soviet Union

Viet Cong 

 South Vietnamese Communist Group that supported the North

• Used Guerrilla warfare

Deng Xiaoping (1976)

became China’s Leader

• Sought to modernize China by reforming its economy

• New legal code and constitution went into effect in 1980

  • Granted people limited rights

• Economic reforms very successful

  • Mid 1990s China had the world’s fastest growing economy

  • Sold a large number of products to the west

Tiananmen Square

In 1989 Students peacefully demonstrated in Beijing’s Square for the political reform Deng’s changes lacked 

• Demanded greater freedom and democracy

• Demonstrators refused to break up

  • Deng ordered tanks to fire on them, killing hundreds of students

  • Student leaders were arrested, imprisoned, or executed

• Western leaders were shocked and briefly reduced trade with China

Indian National Congress

formed in 1885

• main organization dedicated to Indian Independence

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of the Indian National Congress

• Developed a large following among India’s peasants

• Resisted the British using non-violent methods 

• developed policy of passive resistance

murdered on the 30th January 1948 by a religious fanatic

Civil Disobedience

Gandhi urged Indians to disobey unjust British laws

• 1930- led the Salt March to protest the British salt tax

Cottage Industries

Gandhi encouraged Indians to boycott British cotton goods and to buy homemade goods

Muslim League

Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( led pakistan)

• Gandhi tried to convince Muslims Hindus and Britain not to divide India into 2 separate nations.

Jawaharlal Nehru

India was a Hindu Nation led by him

W.E.B Dubois

A Harvard-educated African American

• tried to make all Africans aware of their cultural heritage.

Marcus Garvey

A Jamaican who lived in Harlem

• stressed the need for unity of all Africans (Pan-Africanism)

Pan Africanism

the belief that all Africans shared a common identity.

Jomo Kanyatta

Argued that British rule was destroying native culture in Kenya.

Leopold Senghor

Organized an independence movement in Senegal.

Nmamdi Azikiwi

Started a Newspaper called the “West African Pilot” and urged nonviolence as a method to gain independence

Kwame Nkrumah

Under the guidance of him: Ghana was the first former British colony to gain independence (1957).

Charles DeGaulle

Granted Algeria its independence in 1962.

Droughts/ AIDS

1. Droughts and population growth have crippled some African economies.

2. AIDS is a serious problem in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Single Party Systems

Ruled many African nations.  

• The concept of nationhood was undermined by warring ethnic groups (tribalism) because originally national boundaries had been drawn arbitrarily by colonial powers (Berlin Conference)     

• Many countries included widely different ethnic, linguistic, and territorial groups.  

General Ojukwu

organized the rebellion and declared the east an independent state called Biafra.

Hutu/ Tutsi

In central Africa, fighting between Hutu and Tutsi created unstable governments in Burundi and Rwanda.  

• In 1994 a Hutu rampage left 500,000 Tutsi dead in Rwanda. 

Mandate System

1920’s: British and the French divided up the Middle East under a League of Nations (imperialism) 

• The territorial adjustment of the nations did not reflect the internal demographics of the area.

Pan Arabianism (1953)

Independent Egypt under leader Gamal Abdel Nasser sought to unite all Arab nations.

• At first, he pursued the idea of nonalignment, but eventually, he aligned Egypt with the Soviets.

• He hoped to get support to force the British out of the Suez Canal and to get weapons to fight against Israel. 

Zionism

A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Theodor Herzl

writer who fought for the creation of the Jewish state of Israel (1800s)

Balfour Declaration (1917)

Declared Britain to be in favor of establishing "a national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.

• Jews began to migrate to Palestine

The White Paper (1937)

After pressure by Arabs, Britain limited immigration to 75,000 additional Jews.

• Restrictions came just as Nazi Germany was creating a need for millions to seek escape from Europe.

UN Partition Plan

After WWII, the U.N. proposed dividing the remaining territory into a Jewish and an Arab State.

• The Jews accepted the proposal, the Arabs did not.

Israeli War for Independence (1948)

Defeated the invading Arab armies from Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon 

• Israel won the war, doubled its’ territory gaining half of Jerusalem.

The Modern Arab Israeli-Conflict: Suez Crisis (1956)

Result of Israeli, British and French attempt to take the Suez Canal from Egypt

The Modern Arab Israeli- Conflict: Six Day War (1967)

Israel acquired the Gaza strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, The West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria

• ** Surprise attack on Israel from Egypt and Syria on the Holy Day of Yom Kippur.  Israel repelled the attack and acquired more of the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt 

Shah Reza Pahlavi

A dictator who had American support and had been put into power by the CIA.

• President Jimmy Carter withdrew support from the Shah, 

  • allowed the people of Iran to choose their own leaders.

Ayatollah Ruholloh Khomeini

Turned Iran into a Islamic state based on strict Islamic law and tradition.

• Banning all western books,  movies and music

• strict adherence to Islamic law, Limiting women’s rights

• Encouraged other Muslim fundamentalists to overthrow their moderate governments.

US War on Terror

The revolution in Iran served as the short term cause of war in the Middle East in the ‘80s (Iran/Iraq) and eventually post 9/11