AP2 Lab Test 1 Review

erythropoietin

hormone that regulates RBC production

plasma 55%; formed elements 45%

blood components by % (most to least)

• answer format: [] []%; [] []%

7.35-7.45

normal blood pH range

liver and spleen

2 organs that break down RBCs (alphabetical order)

• answer format: [] and []

100.4F

average blood temperature

• answer format: []F

tunica interna

innermost layer of blood vessel

• includes endothelial lining, a layer of connective tissue with elastic fibers

• arteries also have outer margin called internal elastic membrane

tunica media

middle layer of blood vessel; contains concentric sheets of smooth muscle

• normally the thickest layer in a small artery

• separated from tunica externa by a thin layer of elastic fibers called the external elastic membrane

• when smooth muscle contracts, the vessel diameter decreases

tunica externa (adventitia)

outermost layer of blood vessel; connective tissue

• normally thicker than tunica media in veins

pericardial cavity

cavity surrounding the heart

right atrium

heart chamber: receives blood from vena cava/systemic circuit and passes to right ventricle

right ventricle

heart chamber: pumps blood into pulmonary artery/circuit

left atrium

heart chamber: receives blood from pulmonary veins/circuit and passes to left ventricle

left ventricle

heart chamber: transports blood to aorta/systemic circuit; thicker than RV due to higher pressure required to push blood to systemic circuit; STRONGEST heart chamber

albumin

most abundant protein in blood

pulmonary arteries

bring blood from the pulmonary trunk to the lungs to get oxygenated

pulmonary vein

brings oxygenated blood from lung capillaries to left atrium

2 a chains, 2 b chains, 1 heme per chain (4 total)

structure of hemoglobin

• answer format: [] a chain(s), [] b chain(s), [] heme(s) per chain ([] total)

red bone marrow

site for hematopoiesis (production of blood cells)

yellow bone marrow

stores fat

platelets, RBCs, WBCs

3 formed elements (alphabetical order)

arterioles

smaller branched arteries that serve as control valves for blood flow to control BP

coronary sinus

largest cardiac vein; collects ~55% of heart's deoxygenated blood, draining the myocardium before emptying into the right atrium

papillary muscles

muscles located in ventricles that prevent AV (bicuspid and tricuspid) valve prolapse and regurgitation during systole

atrioventricular valves

valves that separate heart's upper atria from lower ventricles, ensuring one-way blood flow

semilunar valves

valves that are located between the ventricles and major arteries; allow blood outflow during systole and prevent backflow during diastole

epicardium

pericardium layer: covers outer surface of heart; aka visceral pericardium

parietal pericardium

pericardium layer: lines inner surface of pericardial sac

hematopoietic stem cells

stem cells that make RBCs and WBCs

S1 (lubb)

heart sound: caused by AV valves closing

S2 (dupp)

heart sound: caused by semilunar valves closing

Na+

ion primarily responsible for depolarization

capillaries

blood vessels primarily responsible for substance exchange

pulmonary circuit

circuit: transports blood to and from lungs

systemic circuit

circuit: transports blood to and from rest of the body

globular proteins

water-soluble, spherical proteins essential for transporting molecules, maintaining osmotic pressure, and immune defense

• ex. hemoglobin, albumin, and immunoglobulins

foramen ovale

a shunt/oval door in the interatrial septum of fetal heart; allows blood entering right atrium to bypass pulmonary circuit and collapsed fetal lungs

fossa ovalis

located in the right atrium of the heart within the interatrial septum, acting as a remnant of the fetal foramen ovale

>7.45

blood pH that increases BP

• answer format: </>[]

<7.35

blood pH that decreases BP

• answer format: </>[]

tricuspid valve

AV valve on right side of heart

bicuspid valve

AV valve on left side of heart

vasoconstriction

when smooth muscle in an artery contracts; reduces the movement/flow of blood; reduces blood loss at injury site

vasodilation

when smooth muscle in an artery relaxes; increases the diameter of vessel and increases blood flow

pectinate muscles

muscular ridges located on the inner walls of heart’s atria that allow for the expansion/contraction of the atria while strengthening the atrial walls

4 months

RBC lifespan

whole blood

blood in its natural, unprocessed state, straight from the vein, containing red cells, white cells, and platelets suspended in plasma

surface antigens

found on blood cell surface; determine one’s blood type

O-

universal donor

AB+

universal recipient

epicardium

heart wall layer: outer, protective visceral layer

myocardium

heart wall layer: muscular wall of heart that forms atria and ventricles; middle layer

endocardium

heart wall layer: inner, smooth epithelial lining of the heart chambers and valves