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Abolition
Movement to end slavery.
Adams-Onis Treaty
Treaty in which Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. in 1819.
American System
Henry Clay's plan for economic development through tariffs, a national bank, and infrastructure.
Communication Revolution
Development of the telegraph and expansion of newspapers.
Corrupt Bargain
Alleged deal in the 1824 election between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to secure Adams' presidency.
Cotton Gin
Invention by Eli Whitney that revolutionized cotton production by making it easier to separate cotton fibers from seeds.
Cotton Kingdom
The Southern region of the U.S. that became highly dependent on cotton production and slave labor.
Cult of Domesticity
A belief in the 19th century that women’s proper role was in the home, emphasizing duties like child-rearing and homemaking.
Declaration of Sentiments
Document signed at the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) that called for women’s rights, including the right to vote.
Democratic Party
Political party founded by Andrew Jackson that favored states' rights, limited government, and the common man.
Domestic Slave Trade
The trade of enslaved people within the U.S., especially from the South to the growing cotton plantations.
Election of 1824
Controversial election in which John Quincy Adams won the presidency after a contested decision by the House of Representatives.
Election of 1828
Andrew Jackson's victory over John Quincy Adams, marking the rise of Jacksonian democracy.
Era of Good Feelings
Period of political unity after the War of 1812.
Erie Canal
A canal completed in 1825 that connected New York City to the Great Lakes, revolutionizing transportation and trade.
First Industrial Revolution
Shift from agriculture to factory-based economies, introducing machines and urbanization.
Gibbons v. Ogden
Supreme Court case (1824) that reinforced federal control over interstate commerce.
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Legislation signed by Andrew Jackson that led to the forced relocation of Native American tribes, resulting in the Trail of Tears.
Jacksonian Democracy
Political movement during Andrew Jackson's presidency emphasizing the expansion of voting rights for white males and the power of the presidency.
Know-Nothing Party
Nativist political party opposing immigration, especially from Catholic countries.
Market Revolution
Period of economic transformation in the early 19th century with advancements in technology, transportation, and commerce.
McCulloch v. Maryland
Supreme Court case (1819) that upheld the national bank and confirmed federal power over states.
Missouri Compromise
Legislation (1820) that balanced the admission of slave and free states and set a line at 36°30’ dividing slavery.
Monroe Doctrine
1823 U.S. foreign policy declaring the Western Hemisphere closed to European colonization and intervention.
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
A slave revolt in 1831 led by Nat Turner in Virginia, resulting in the deaths of dozens and stricter slave laws.
Nullification Crisis
A conflict between South Carolina and the federal government over the tariffs of 1828 and 1832, with South Carolina attempting to nullify the tariffs.
Panic of 1837
A financial crisis caused by over-speculation and the failure of state banks, leading to a depression.
Second Bank of the United States
The national bank established in 1816, which was vetoed by Andrew Jackson in 1832.
Second Great Awakening
A Protestant religious revival in the early 19th century that spurred social reform movements.
Seneca Falls Convention of 1848
The first major women’s rights convention in the U.S., which called for women’s suffrage and equality.
Spoils System
The practice of giving government jobs to political supporters, popularized by Andrew Jackson.
States’ Rights
The belief that states should have more power than the federal government, often used to justify slavery and nullification.
Steam Power
The use of steam engines to power boats, trains, and factories, fueling the Industrial Revolution.
Tariff of 1828
A high protective tariff that angered Southern states, leading to the Nullification Crisis.
Telegraph
A communication device that allowed messages to be sent over long distances using electrical signals.
Temperance
Movement to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption, seen as a social evil.
The Bank War
Political struggle between Andrew Jackson and the supporters of the Second Bank of the U.S..
Trail of Tears
The forced relocation of Native American tribes, especially the Cherokee, to lands west of the Mississippi River.
Transcendentalism
A philosophical and literary movement that emphasized intuition, spirituality, and a connection to nature, led by figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
Transportation Revolution
A period of dramatic improvements in transportation (e.g., roads, canals, railroads), which transformed the U.S. economy.
