Untitled Flashcards Set

• Abolition: Movement to end slavery.

• Adams-Onis Treaty: Treaty in which Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. in 1819.

• American System: Henry Clay's plan for economic development through tariffs, a national bank, and infrastructure.

• Communication Revolution: Development of the telegraph and expansion of newspapers.

• Corrupt Bargain: Alleged deal in the 1824 election between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to secure Adams' presidency.

• Cotton Gin: Invention by Eli Whitney that revolutionized cotton production by making it easier to separate cotton fibers from seeds.

• Cotton Kingdom: The Southern region of the U.S. that became highly dependent on cotton production and slave labor.

• Cult of Domesticity: A belief in the 19th century that women’s proper role was in the home, emphasizing duties like child-rearing and homemaking.

• Declaration of Sentiments: Document signed at the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) that called for women’s rights, including the right to vote.

• Democratic Party: Political party founded by Andrew Jackson that favored states' rights, limited government, and the common man.

• Domestic Slave Trade: The trade of enslaved people within the U.S., especially from the South to the growing cotton plantations.

• Election of 1824: Controversial election in which John Quincy Adams won the presidency after a contested decision by the House of Representatives.

• Election of 1828: Andrew Jackson's victory over John Quincy Adams, marking the rise of Jacksonian democracy.

• Era of Good Feelings: Period of political unity after the War of 1812.

• Erie Canal: A canal completed in 1825 that connected New York City to the Great Lakes, revolutionizing transportation and trade.

• First Industrial Revolution: Shift from agriculture to factory-based economies, introducing machines and urbanization.

• Gibbons v. Ogden: Supreme Court case (1824) that reinforced federal control over interstate commerce.

• Indian Removal Act of 1830: Legislation signed by Andrew Jackson that led to the forced relocation of Native American tribes, resulting in the Trail of Tears.

• Jacksonian Democracy: Political movement during Andrew Jackson's presidency emphasizing the expansion of voting rights for white males and the power of the presidency.

• Know-Nothing Party: Nativist political party opposing immigration, especially from Catholic countries.

• Market Revolution: Period of economic transformation in the early 19th century with advancements in technology, transportation, and commerce.

• McCulloch v. Maryland: Supreme Court case (1819) that upheld the national bank and confirmed federal power over states.

• Missouri Compromise: Legislation (1820) that balanced the admission of slave and free states and set a line at 36°30’ dividing slavery.

• Monroe Doctrine: 1823 U.S. foreign policy declaring the Western Hemisphere closed to European colonization and intervention.

• Nat Turner’s Rebellion: A slave revolt in 1831 led by Nat Turner in Virginia, resulting in the deaths of dozens and stricter slave laws.

• Nullification Crisis: A conflict between South Carolina and the federal government over the tariffs of 1828 and 1832, with South Carolina attempting to nullify the tariffs.

• Panic of 1837: A financial crisis caused by over-speculation and the failure of state banks, leading to a depression.

• Second Bank of the United States: The national bank established in 1816, which was vetoed by Andrew Jackson in 1832.

• Second Great Awakening: A Protestant religious revival in the early 19th century that spurred social reform movements.

• Seneca Falls Convention of 1848: The first major women’s rights convention in the U.S., which called for women’s suffrage and equality.

• Spoils System: The practice of giving government jobs to political supporters, popularized by Andrew Jackson.

• States’ Rights: The belief that states should have more power than the federal government, often used to justify slavery and nullification.

• Steam Power: The use of steam engines to power boats, trains, and factories, fueling the Industrial Revolution.

• Tariff of 1828: A high protective tariff that angered Southern states, leading to the Nullification Crisis.

• Telegraph: A communication device that allowed messages to be sent over long distances using electrical signals.

• Temperance: Movement to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption, seen as a social evil.

• The Bank War: Political struggle between Andrew Jackson and the supporters of the Second Bank of the U.S..

• Trail of Tears: The forced relocation of Native American tribes, especially the Cherokee, to lands west of the Mississippi River.

• Transcendentalism: A philosophical and literary movement that emphasized intuition, spirituality, and a connection to nature, led by figures like Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

• Transportation Revolution: A period of dramatic improvements in transportation (e.g., roads, canals, railroads), which transformed the U.S. economy.

Key People:

• Andrew Jackson: 7th U.S. president, leader of Jacksonian Democracy, and promoter of the Indian Removal Act and Bank War.

• Catharine Beecher: Women's rights advocate and educator, known for promoting women's role in education.

• Charles Grandison Finney: Preacher and leader in the Second Great Awakening, emphasizing personal salvation and social reform.

• Daniel Webster: U.S. senator and advocate of federalism and nationalism.

• Dorothea Dix: Reformist who advocated for better treatment of the mentally ill and for improvements in asylum care.

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Leader in the women’s suffrage movement, co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention.

• Francis Cabot Lowell: Founder of the Lowell Mills, contributing to the Industrial Revolution and the rise of textile manufacturing.

• Frederick Douglass: Escaped slave and leading abolitionist, published the North Star and advocated for equality and freedom.

• Henry Clay: Senator and architect of the American System, promoted national economic development.

• Henry David Thoreau: Writer and philosopher, leading figure in Transcendentalism and advocate for civil disobedience.

• Horace Mann: Education reformer who championed public education and the training of teachers.

• James Madison: 4th U.S. president and key author of the U.S. Constitution.

• James Monroe: 5th U.S. president, known for the Monroe Doctrine and the Era of Good Feelings.

• John C. Calhoun: South Carolina politician, strong advocate for states' rights and leader in the Nullification Crisis.

• John Humphrey Noyes: Founder of the Oneida Community, a utopian society promoting communal living.

• John Marshall: Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, established key principles like judicial review and federal supremacy.

• John Quincy Adams: 6th U.S. president, key player in the American System and the Monroe Doctrine.

• John Tyler: 10th U.S. president, annexed Texas and supported states' rights.

• Joseph Smith: Founder of the Mormon faith and author of The Book of Mormon.

• Lucretia Mott: Women’s rights activist, co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention.

• Lyman Beecher: Preacher and leader in the Temperance Movement.

• Martin Van Buren: 8th U.S. president, oversaw the Panic of 1837.

• Mother Ann Lee: Leader of the Shakers, a utopian religious group that practiced celibacy and gender equality.

• Ralph Waldo Emerson: Leading figure in Transcendentalism, focused on self-reliance and nature.

• Samuel Slater: Early industrialist who brought textile manufacturing to the U.S.

• Sarah and Angelina Grimke: Sisters and abolitionists who also advocated for women’s rights.

• Sojourner Truth: Former enslaved woman and abolitionist, famous for the speech "Ain’t I a Woman?".

• Susan B. Anthony: Leader in the women’s suffrage movement, key figure in National American Women Suffrage Association.

• Sylvester Graham: Early health reformer, inventor of the graham cracker, and advocate for dietary reform.

• William Henry Harrison: 9th U.S. president, served the shortest presidency (31 days).

1. Presidents (1817–1841)

• James Monroe (1817–1825):

  • 5th President, during the Era of Good Feelings.

  • Known for the Monroe Doctrine (1823), which warned European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.

  • Oversaw the Missouri Compromise (1820), balancing slave and free states.

  • Memory Tip: "Monroe’s Doctrine: America’s backyard is off-limits."

• John Quincy Adams (1825–1829):

  • 6th President, known for his nationalistic policies.

  • Led the American System, promoting infrastructure and internal improvements.

  • The Tariff of Abominations (1828) led to the Nullification Crisis under Jackson.

  • Memory Tip: "Adams’ system, but Jackson’s fight."

• Andrew Jackson (1829–1837):

  • 7th President, founder of the Democratic Party.

  • Champion of the common man and strong presidential power.

  • Indian Removal Act (1830): Led to the Trail of Tears.

  • Opposed the Bank of the U.S., leading to the Bank War.

  • Memory Tip: "Jackson fights for the common man and against the elite."

• Martin Van Buren (1837–1841):

  • 8th President, served during the Panic of 1837, an economic depression.

  • Known for his role in organizing the Democratic Party.

  • Memory Tip: "Van Buren’s Panic and Party."

2. Era of Good Feelings (1817–1825)

• Key Characteristics:

  • Period of political unity after the War of 1812.

  • Dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party, with little opposition from the disbanded Federalists.

  • Economic growth, internal improvements, and a nationalistic spirit.

• Key Events:

  • Monroe Doctrine (1823): Warned European powers to stay out of the Americas.

  • Missouri Compromise (1820): Allowed Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

  • Panic of 1819: The first major economic depression in U.S. history, triggered by over-speculation and bank failures.

• Memory Tip: "Good feelings, but brewing division over slavery."

3. Age of Jackson (1829–1837)

• Jacksonian Democracy:

  • Promoted the idea of a strong presidency and a popular democracy.

  • Expanded suffrage for white males, reducing property requirements for voting.

  • Known for his spoils system, where political supporters were rewarded with government jobs.

• Key Events:

  • Indian Removal Act (1830): Forced relocation of Native Americans, leading to the Trail of Tears.

  • Nullification Crisis (1832): South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariffs; Jackson threatened military action.

  • Bank War (1832–1836): Jackson vetoed the renewal of the Second Bank of the U.S., leading to the bank’s eventual demise.

  • Memory Tip: "Jackson vs. the Bank and Native Americans."

4. Religion and Reform Movements

• Second Great Awakening:

  • A religious revival that spurred social reform movements, particularly abolition and women’s rights.

  • Led by figures like Charles Finney, who emphasized emotional religion and mass conversions.

  • Memory Tip: "Revival sparks reform."

• Key Reform Movements:

  • Abolition: Movement to end slavery, led by Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, and Sojourner Truth.

  • Women’s Rights: Advocated for women’s suffrage, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Susan B. Anthony.

  • Temperance: Movement to reduce alcohol consumption, led by Lyman Beecher and others.

  • Education Reform: Led by Horace Mann, advocating for public schools and teacher training.

  • Memory Tip: "Reform for equality, education, and justice."

5. The Cotton Revolution

• The Rise of King Cotton:

  • The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney (1793) revolutionized cotton production, making it highly profitable.

  • Cotton became the South’s most important crop, deeply entrenching the slave economy.

  • Memory Tip: "Cotton = the South’s economic backbone."

• Impact on Slavery:

  • The increase in cotton production led to a demand for more enslaved labor in the South, particularly on large cotton plantations.

  • Memory Tip: "Cotton grows, so does slavery."

• Cotton and the North:

  • The North benefited from the cotton economy through the textile industry, with factories like those in Lowell, Massachusetts, turning cotton into cloth.

  • Memory Tip: "North mills, South fields."

Key Terms:

• Monroe Doctrine: U.S. foreign policy warning European nations to stay out of the Americas.

• Indian Removal Act: Law that led to the forced relocation of Native American tribes.

• Nullification: The belief that states could invalidate federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

• Spoils System: Jackson's practice of giving government jobs to political supporters.

Cotton Gin: Invention that revolutionized cotton production and intensified slavery.

Here is the information for each reformer in a detailed format:

Charles Finney

Area of Reform: Religion/Revivalism

• Held religious revivals.

• Rejected a formal approach to ministry, emphasizing a personal relationship with God.

• Published a manual for revivals.

Impact:

• Leader in the Second Great Awakening.

• Inspired a wave of religious enthusiasm, leading to mass conversions.

• Encouraged citizens to view reforming society as a sacred duty.

Lucretia Mott

Area of Reform: Women’s Rights/Abolition

• Feminist activist advocating for women’s suffrage and the abolition of slavery.

• A Quaker speaker and writer.

• Published Discourse on Women.

Impact:

• Co-organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

• Founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

• Served as the first president of the American Equal Rights Association, paving the way for the 19th Amendment.

Joseph Smith

Area of Reform: Mormons

• Founder of the Mormon faith and writer of The Book of Mormon.

• Sent missionaries to spread the faith.

• Petitioned for land for Mormon settlements.

Impact:

• Murdered in Illinois in 1844.

• Despite his death, the Mormon community flourished, eventually settling in Utah under Brigham Young’s leadership in 1847.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Area of Reform: Transcendentalism

• Philosopher, writer, and poet known as the “Father of Transcendentalism.”

• Authored influential works like Self-Reliance.

Impact:

• Encouraged Americans to seek self-knowledge and self-reliance through nature and introspection.

• Criticized slavery, materialism, and the absence of women’s voices in society.

Sojourner Truth

Area of Reform: Abolition/Women’s Rights

• Escaped slave and public speaker.

• Advocated for equal rights for Black people and women.

• Delivered the famous speech, “Ain’t I a Woman?”

Impact:

• Recruited Black soldiers during the Civil War.

• Left a legacy of advocating for justice and equality.

Susan B. Anthony

Area of Reform: Women’s Rights

• Advocate for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women.

• Published The Revolution.

• Illegally voted and refused to pay her fine after being arrested.

Impact:

• Leader of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.

• Pivotal to the eventual passage of the 19th Amendment.

William Lloyd Garrison

Area of Reform: Abolition

• Advocated for immediate abolition without compensation.

• Published the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator.

Impact:

• Founded the American Antislavery Society.

• Inspired the radical abolition movement.

Dorothea Dix

Area of Reform: Treatment of Criminals and the Mentally Ill

• Exposed inhumane treatment in prisons and asylums.

• Lobbied for improved conditions and new mental health facilities.

Impact:

• States established mental health hospitals and improved prison/asylum conditions.

nElizabeth Cady Stanton

Area of Reform: Women’s Rights

• Advocate for women’s suffrage and leader of the National Woman Suffrage Association.

• Authored the Declaration of Sentiments.

Impact:

• Organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

• Instrumental in the eventual passage of the 19th Amendment.

Frederick Douglass

Area of Reform: Abolition

• Escaped slave and abolitionist.

• Wrote an autobiography about his life as a slave.

• Published the newspaper North Star.

Impact:

• Influenced the passage of the 13th and 15th Amendments.

• Advocated for racial equality and served as U.S. ambassador to Haiti.

Henry David Thoreau

Area of Reform: Transcendentalism

• Philosopher, essayist, and advocate of civil liberties.

• Wrote Civil Disobedience and Walden.

Impact:

• Inspired nonviolent resistance movements.

• Contributed to American nature writing and environmental thought.

Horace Mann

Area of Reform: Education

• Advocate for public education and compulsory schooling.

• Believed education was key to social mobility.

Impact:

• Secured tax-funded education and established teacher training schools.

Lyman Beecher

Area of Reform: Temperance

• Evangelical leader and advocate for abstinence from alcohol.

• Founded the American Temperance Society.

Impact:

• Led to temperance laws in many Northern states and eventually the 18th Amendment.

John Humphrey Noyes

Area of Reform: Utopian Society

• Leader of the Oneida Community.

• Advocated for "complex marriage" and free love.

Impact:

• Challenged traditional domestic norms.

• Known for Oneida silverware.

Mother Ann Lee

Area of Reform: Utopian Society

• Founder of the Shakers.

• Preached celibacy and sexual equality.

Impact:

• Shaker communities became known for their furniture and craftsmanship.

Sylvester Graham

Area of Reform: Health

• Promoted diet reform and invented the graham cracker.

• Linked health to spiritual well-being.

Impact:

• Influenced diet and health movements, including inspiring the Kellogg cereal industry.

Charles Finney (Religion/Revivalism)

• Led emotional religious revivals.

• Promoted a personal connection with God.

• Inspired mass conversions during the Second Great Awakening.

Lucretia Mott (Women’s Rights/Abolition)

• Quaker feminist and abolitionist.

• Organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

• Helped pave the way for women’s suffrage (19th Amendment).

Joseph Smith (Mormons)

• Founded the Mormon religion.

• Wrote The Book of Mormon.

• Community thrived in Utah after his death.

Ralph Waldo Emerson (Transcendentalism)

• Philosopher who urged self-reliance and connection to nature.

• Questioned slavery, materialism, and societal conformity.

Sojourner Truth (Abolition/Women’s Rights)

• Escaped slave and speaker.

• Advocated for racial and gender equality.

• Famous speech: “Ain’t I a Woman?”

Susan B. Anthony (Women’s Rights)

• Fought for women’s voting and property rights.

• Arrested for voting illegally.

• Key leader in securing the 19th Amendment.

William Lloyd Garrison (Abolition)

• Published The Liberator newspaper.

• Demanded immediate abolition of slavery.

• Founded the American Antislavery Society.

Dorothea Dix (Mental Illness/Prisons)

• Exposed poor treatment in prisons and asylums.

• Helped improve mental health care and prison conditions.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Women’s Rights)

• Organized the Seneca Falls Convention.

• Wrote the Declaration of Sentiments.

• Helped secure the 19th Amendment.

Frederick Douglass (Abolition)

• Escaped slave, speaker, and writer (North Star).

• Advocated for racial equality and military inclusion.

• Influenced the 13th and 15th Amendments.

Henry David Thoreau (Transcendentalism)

• Wrote Civil Disobedience and Walden.

• Inspired nonviolent resistance movements and simple living.

Horace Mann (Education)

• Championed public, tax-funded education.

• Promoted compulsory schooling and teacher training.

Lyman Beecher (Temperance)

• Preached against alcohol use.

• Led to temperance laws and the 18th Amendment.

John Humphrey Noyes (Utopian Society)

• Founded the Oneida Community.

• Advocated “complex marriage” and communal living.

• Known for Oneida silverware.

Mother Ann Lee (Utopian Society)

• Led the Shakers, advocating celibacy and equality.

• Famous for Shaker craftsmanship.

Sylvester Graham (Health)

• Linked health to diet and invented the graham cracker.

• Inspired health movements and the cereal industry.

1. What term refers to a period before a war and which, in U.S. history, has commonly been used to describe the pre-Civil War period?
   Answer: Antebellum

2. Why was cotton referred to as "King" by the 1830s in America?
   Answer: Cotton production represented the United States' number one commodity for domestic use and export

3. What is a belief in the superiority of native-born inhabitants over immigrants, in particular, an anti-immigrant movement that began in the early 1800s in the U.S.?
   Answer: Nativism

4. Identify the constructed waterway that connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and transformed New York into an economic powerhouse of the young United States:
   Answer: Erie Canal

5. According to the 1860 census, the American economy had greater total investments in ____________ than in any other commodity.
   Answer: Slaves

6. What is the oldest railroad in the United States, originally built to help Maryland compete with canals in other states?
   Answer: Baltimore & Ohio Railroad

7. What is the system, designed by the inventor of the telegraph, of long and short electrical bursts that made the telegraph network a viable, long-distance communication system?
   Answer: Morse code

8. Name the method of manufacturing involving powered machinery, usually run by water, that allowed the use of unskilled labor and greater output than in the artisan tradition:
   Answer: Factory system

9. Which term refers to the process of a society changing from predominantly agricultural production to a society based on factory production?
   Answer: Industrialization

10. What factory system was used to mass-produce textiles, primarily in New England, that relied on young women workers who lived in factory communities?
    Answer: Lowell system

11. What term refers to an independent, skilled craftsperson?
    Answer: Artisan

12. This Massachusetts Supreme Court decision of 1842 established the legality of labor unions within that state:
    Answer: Commonwealth v. Hunt

13. When he authorized the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, Thomas Jefferson predicted that it would take ________ years for American settlers to reach present-day St. Louis, Missouri.
    Answer: 100

14. What is the early-nineteenth-century belief that women were the guardians of family and religious virtue within the home and, by extension, for the entire society?
    Answer: Cult of domesticity

15. What term was used for the lower South in the antebellum period to describe the economy and culture built on cotton production?
    Answer: Cotton kingdom

16. Identify the set of beliefs, associated with white Southern men of the nineteenth century, that emphasized respect, reputation, and the protection of women:
    Answer: Cult of honor

17. I was the South Carolina senator who coined the expression "cotton is king." Who am I?
    Answer: James Henry Hammond

18. What term refers to the wealthy slaveholding plantation owners of the South who dominated their society despite their limited number (5-10% of the population)?
    Answer: Planter class

19. Which of the following terms was coined by historian Ira Berlin to describe the forced movement of slaves within the U.S., primarily from the upper South to the cotton states, especially Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi?
    Answer: Second middle passage

20. Name the small farmer in the antebellum South who worked his own soil and (usually) possessed no slave labor:
    Answer: Yeoman farmer